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PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 > lecture 17- energy balance and metabolism I > Flashcards

lecture 17- energy balance and metabolism I Flashcards

1
Q

what is the feta G sub not in the body

A

-12000 cal/mole

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2
Q

what is the final common pathway for the transport of almost all the carbs to the tissue cells

A

glucose

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3
Q

what can galactose and glucose be converted into in order to enter the glycolytic pathway

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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4
Q

where can phosphorylation of glucose be reversed

A

liver, renal and intestinal cells

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5
Q

what does glucokinase do

A

transfers phosphate from ATP

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6
Q

what does phosphatase do

A

removes phosphate

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7
Q

what does phosphorylase

A

catalyzes production of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen

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8
Q

what factors can activate phosphorylase

A

epinephrine and glucagon

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9
Q

what are the effects of phosphorylase

A

promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose (then glucose can be released into blood)

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10
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid (2), hydrogens (4), ATP (2 molecules)

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11
Q

what are the end product of the conversion from pyretic acid to acetyl-CoA

A

acetyl CoA (2), hydrogens (4), CO2 (2)

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12
Q

where does the TCA cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

what are the end products of the TCA cycle

A

hydrogens (16), ATP (2), CO2 (4)

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14
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation

A

occurs on mitochondrial cristae

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15
Q

what are the fate of electrons removed from hydrogen ions

A

enter ETC

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16
Q

what are the major components of the ETC

A

flavoprotein, several iron sulfide proteins, ubiquinone, cytochrome A3 (cytochrome oxidase)

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17
Q

where is cytochrome A3 (cytochrome oxidase) located

A

inner membrane

18
Q

what are the numbers of ATPs formed per glucose molecule (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

2 ATPs from glycolysis, 2 ATPs from TCA, 34 ATPs from oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

what is the maximum number of ATPs per glucose molecule

A

38

20
Q

how many calories are there per mole of glucose

A

456,000

21
Q

what is glucose preferentially stored as until the storage cells(liver and muscle) are saturated

A

glycogen

22
Q

how is triglyceride absorbed form intestinal lumen

A

most are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids,
intestinal epithelial cells resynthesize these into triglycerides that enter the lymph as chylomicrons,
apoprotein B is absorbed to the chylomicron surfaces

23
Q

how are chylomicrons transported to the venous system

A

via thoracic duct

24
Q

what tissues are especially involved in removing chylomicrons form the blood

A

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart

25
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase transported and what does it doe

A

transported to surface of capillary epithelial cells in order to hydrolyze chylomicron triglycerides, releasing fatty acids and glycerol

26
Q

what conditions increase the utilization of fat for energy

A

starvation, diabetes mellitus

27
Q

what type of lipoproteins are synthesized by intestinal cells

A

chylomicrons

28
Q

describe VLDLs

A

high concentrations of triglycerides and moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids. transport lipids mainly from liver to adipose tissue

29
Q

describe LDLs

A

high concentration of cholesterol and moderate concentrate of phospholipids

30
Q

describe HDLs

A

high concentrations of proteins and low concentrations of cholesterol and fatty acids

31
Q

what cells do not use fatty acids for energy

A

brain cells and RBCs

32
Q

where are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA

A

in mitochondria

33
Q

how does acetyl-CoA enter the TCA cycle

A

binding to oxaloacetic acid

34
Q

what are the products from beta-oxidation of one molecule of stearic acid

A

9 acetyl-CoA molecules and 146 molecules of ATP

35
Q

what type of acid is acetoacetic acid

A

keto acid

36
Q

give examples of ketone bodies

A

acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone

37
Q

what conditions favor ketosis

A

starvation, diabetes, diet composed almost entirely of fats

38
Q

what are involved in the 2 set process of the synthesis of fatty acids

A

malonyl-CoA and NADPH

39
Q

what is the importance of fat synthesis

A

more fat can be stored in tissues than carbs.

weight for weight, fat contains 2.5X the energy of carbs

40
Q

what occurs as the result of damage to the vascular endothelium

A

increases the expression of adhesion molecules,

decreases release of NO and other substances that prevent adhesion of macromolecules and cells

41
Q

what is the role of macrophages in the development of atherosclerotic plaques

A

ingest lipoproteins, become foam cells, form visible fatty streaks

42
Q

what are the basic causes of atherosclerosis

A

increased LDLs and familial hypercholesterolemia (defective LDL receptors)

PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 (20 decks)

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