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PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 > Lecture 1- CNS development and brain divisions > Flashcards

Lecture 1- CNS development and brain divisions Flashcards

1
Q

when does the formation of the nervous system occur

A

during the embryonic stage (end of 2nd week to end of 8th week)

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2
Q

what are the stages (in order) of neural tube development

A

neural plate–> neural folds –> neural tube

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3
Q

what type of tissue is covering the embryo

A

simple cuboidal epithelium (ectoderm)

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4
Q

what type of transition occurs in the epithelium during the formation of the neural plate

A

simple cuboidal epithelium along dorsum of embryo becomes simple columnar epithelium (neural plate)

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5
Q

what fuses together to form the neural tube

A

opposing edges of neural folds fuse along the anterior-posterior axis

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6
Q

when is the superior/anterior/cranial neuropore closed by

A

day 27

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7
Q

when is the inferior/posterior/caudal neuropore closed by

A

day 30

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8
Q

what are the 3 parts of the tripartite brain

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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9
Q

what are the 5 parts of the pentapartite brain

A

telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon and myelencephalon

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10
Q

define anencephaly

A

failure of cranial end of neural tube to close and is incompatible with life

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11
Q

define holoprosencephaly

A

failure of prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemisphere

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12
Q

what facial deformities are often associated with holoprosencephaly

A

single orbit with 2 eyes, 1 eye or no eye
proboscis-type nose located above eye
cleft lip and palate

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13
Q

describe spina bifida occulta

A

results from failure of the inferior neuropore to close
vertebral arches fail to develop in caudal area
spinal cord function is usually normal

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14
Q

describe spinal bifida cystica

A

characterized by sac-like cyst at the caudal end of spine
spinal cord and/or meninges may be found in cyst
spinal cord function, bladder and bowl function may be impaired
may be lower extremity dysfunction

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15
Q

describe meningocele spina bifida cystica

A

only meninges found in sac
spinal cord function may be impaired
signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of malformation

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16
Q

describe meningomyelocele spina bifida cystica

A

both meninges and spinal cord are found in sac
always results in abnormal growth of spinal cord
lower extremity paralysis
bowel and bladder dysfunction
loss of sensation of lower limbs

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17
Q

describe myeloschisis spina bifida cystica

A

failure of caudal neural folds to close

most severe of the defects

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18
Q

describe arnold-chiari deformity

A

inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal
medulla and pons are deformed and small
hydrocephalus
malformation of lower cranial nerves (deafness, tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness)

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19
Q

what does the lumina of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

A

lateral ventricles (1 and 2)

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20
Q

what does the floor of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

A 
basal nuclei (ganglia)
olfactory lobes and nerves
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21
Q

what does the roof of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

A

cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

what does the lumen of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

A

third ventricle

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23
Q

what does the roof of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

A

epithalamus

24
Q

what does the walls of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

A

thalamus

25
Q

what does the floorof the diencephalon primordia give rise to

A

hypothalamus and infundibulum

26
Q

what does the lumen of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

A

cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius)

27
Q

what does the roof=tectum of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

A

superior and inferior colliculi

28
Q

what does the floor of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

A

tegmentum

29
Q

what does the lumen of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

A

part of 4th ventricle

30
Q

what does the roof of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

A

cerebellum

31
Q

what does the floor of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

A

pons

32
Q

what does the lumen of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

A

rest of 4th ventricle

33
Q

what does the main part of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

A

medulla oblongata

34
Q

what does the roof of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

A

posterior choroid plexus

35
Q

what nuclei are located in the medulla (myelecephalon)

A

vestibular nuclear complex
sensory nuclei
portions of reticular formation

36
Q

what is the reticular formation associated with

A

state of arousal

37
Q

what do the pyramids of the medulla consist of

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

38
Q

what are olives of the medulla

A

site of nuclei related to cerebellum

39
Q

what vital reflex centers are located in the medulla

A

cardiac center
vasomotor center
centers related to respiration

40
Q

what nuclei and centers are located in pons

A

nuclei: cranial nerve nuclei V-VIII, pontine nuclei
centers: sleep center and respiratory centers

41
Q

what do pontine nuclei do

A

relay between cerebrum and cerebellum

42
Q

what nuclei are in the mesencephalon

A

cranial nerve nuclei III-IV

43
Q

what comes from the roof (tectum) of the mesencephalon

A

superior and inferior colliculi

44
Q

what reflexes are associated with superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes

45
Q

what reflexes are associated with inferior colliculi

A

auditory and olfactory reflexes

46
Q

what is associated with the tegmentum of the mesencephalon

A

red nucleus
substantia nigra
various tracts

47
Q

how is the cerebellum connected to other parts of the brain

A

via large pairs of fibers tracts called peduncles

48
Q

what do inferior peduncles connect

A

connect to medulla and spinal cord

49
Q

what do middle peduncles connect to

A

pons

50
Q

what do superior peduncles connect to

A

midbrain

51
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

coordinate skeletal muscle movements
maintain equilibrium and posture
synergic control of muscle activity

52
Q

what gives rise to the thalamus and what is the role of the thalamus

A

diencephalon

role: major relay center for afferent and efferent info to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brian

53
Q

what gives rise to the epithalamus and what is its role

A

diencephalon gives rise to it
habenular nuclei located here are involved in emotional and visceral responses to oder and the pineal body is located here

54
Q

what are the maxillary bodies of the hypothalamus involved in

A

olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

55
Q

what nuclei are located in the hypothalamus

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

56
Q

what are the function sod the hypothalamus

A

controls and integrates ANS
associated with many kinds of visceral activity
intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems
controls normal body temperature
maintains extracellular fluid volume
biorhythm oscillator

57
Q

what are the basal nuclei (ganglia) that arises from the telencephalon involved in

A

subconscious motor control and muscle tone

PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 (20 decks)

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