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1 semester junior year > Physics final > Flashcards

Physics final Flashcards

1
Q

branches of physics that treat particles and waves as separate’ all the physics from chapters 1-7

A

classical physics

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2
Q

physics of the atomic world; wave-particle duality

A

modern physics

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3
Q

photo =

A

light

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4
Q

electrons are given off by metals that are exposed to light

A

photoelectric effect

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5
Q

which light has more kinetic energy, dim or bright

A

bright

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6
Q

a bright light produces more or less electrons but with the same energy per electron

A

more

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7
Q

an increase or decrease in frequency increases or decreases the energy of the electrons

A

increase; increase

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8
Q

changing the frequency of light changes the what; which changes the color we see

A

wavelength

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9
Q

what color has the least (lowest) frequency

A

red

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10
Q

dim light has how many electrons

A

few

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11
Q

bright light has how many electrons

A

many

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12
Q

light particle; piece of light

A

Photons

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13
Q

is a photon a particle or wave

A

yes

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14
Q

electrons emit what in discrete (measurable) units of energy

A

photons

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15
Q

electrons emit photons in discrete units of energy; what are the units called

A

quanta

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16
Q

atoms sharing electrons with specific atoms

A

covalent bonds

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17
Q

metalic atoms releasing their electrons to be shared with all other atoms in an “electron shell”

A

metallic bonds

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18
Q

gases that form no bonds because they already have 8 valence electrons

A

Nobel gases

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19
Q

one or more electrons are transmitted from a metal to a non-metal

A

Ionic bonding

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20
Q

cation

A

positive

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21
Q

anion

A

negative

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22
Q

ions attract what kind of charges

A

opposite

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23
Q

ions attract opposite charges forming

A

crystals

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24
Q

lose all their valence electrons and gain the opposite charge

A

metals

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25
Q

neutralize opposite charges in a neutral compound

A

Ions

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26
Q

the ending ____ usually indicates a compound of two elements

A

-ide

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27
Q

the name hydroxide indicates what is present

A

-OH

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28
Q

the ending ____ indicates a polyatomic ion with multiple oxygen and a cation

A

-ate

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29
Q

Reactants are what goes

A

in

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30
Q

products is what comes

A

out

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31
Q

shorthand expression of the chemical reaction

A

chemical equations

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32
Q

reactants are on which side of the equation

A

left

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33
Q

products are on which side of the equation

A

right

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34
Q

2 chemicals combine to form one

A

combination reaction

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35
Q

one chemical reacts with itself to form two products

A

decomposition reactions

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36
Q

a cation switches places with a free element

A

single displacement reation

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37
Q

two cations switching places

A

double displacement reactions

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38
Q

particles of regular patterns; can be ionic, covalent, metallic, and molecular

A

crystalline

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39
Q

long molecules with no definite pattern (usually organic); no definite melting point

A

amorphous solids

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40
Q

the electrostatic interactions between molecules

A

Van der Waals forces

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41
Q

polar molecules attract

A

polar molecules

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42
Q

non-polar molecules attract

A

non-polar

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43
Q

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances

A

solution

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44
Q

substance present in greater amount (usually water)

A

solvent

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45
Q

substance being dissolved

A

solute

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46
Q

amount of solute in a solvent

A

concentration

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47
Q

saturation point

A

solubility

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48
Q

separation of compounds into ions as they dissolve in liquids

A

dissociation

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49
Q

dissociation produces

A

electrolytes (ions)

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50
Q

water on its own doesn’t produce

A

electricity on its own

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51
Q

dissociates to produce H+ and an anion

A

acids

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52
Q

taste sour

A

acids

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53
Q

have a pH less then 7

A

acids

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54
Q

dissociate completely; lower pH

A

strong acids

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55
Q

dissociate only slightly; pH closer to 7

A

weak acids

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56
Q

dissociates to produce OH- and a cation

A

base

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57
Q

tastes bitter

A

base

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58
Q

have a pH greater than 7; the more OH- the stronger the base

A

base

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59
Q

a scale from 0-14 measuring acidity

A

the pH scale

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60
Q

acids and bases what as the H+ reacting with the OH- produces water

A

neutralize

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61
Q

ionic compounds made of a metal and a non-metal

A

salt

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62
Q

neither readily gives or gains electrons

A

carbon

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63
Q

easily forms 4 covalent bonds

A

carbon

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64
Q

can form higher bond orders

A

carbon

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65
Q

bonds are non-polar

A

carbon

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66
Q

what kind of molecules have low Van der Waals forces

A

carbon-based

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67
Q

molecules of just hydrogen and carbon

A

hydrocarbon

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68
Q

hydrocarbons with single bonds (saturated)

A

alkanes

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69
Q

name ends in -ane

A

alkanes

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70
Q

representation of all the structures and bonds in an organic molecule

A

structural formulas

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71
Q

used to distinguish isomers

A

structural formulas

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72
Q

molecules that have the same number of elements but different structures

A

Isomers

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73
Q

hydrogen with at least one double bond

A

alkenes

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74
Q

end in -ene

A

alkenes

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75
Q

hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond

A

alkyne

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76
Q

higher bond orders have lower or higher reactivities

A

higher

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77
Q

substituted hydrocarbons that have had one of their hydrogens replaced with something else

A

functional groups

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78
Q

hydrocarbons that alter the hydrocarbon’s properties

A

functional group

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79
Q

alcohols have what group

A

-OH

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80
Q

end in -ol

A

alcohol

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81
Q

have a halogen and start with halogen name

A

Haloalkanes

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82
Q

Ethers have a

A

-o

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83
Q

ends in -ether

A

Ether

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84
Q

carboxylic acides have a

A

-COOH

85
Q

ends in -ic acid

A

carboxylic acids

86
Q

gigantic molecules that consist of hundreds of subunits; most plastics are made of them

A

polymers

87
Q

large molecules

A

macromolecules

88
Q

composed of molecules that combine a water molecule with a carbon atom

A

carbohydrates

89
Q

quick, easy source of energy

A

carbohydrates

90
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

91
Q

monosaccharides end in

A

-ose

92
Q

two sugars linked together

A

Disaccharides

93
Q

chains of sugars

A

polysaccharides

94
Q

energy storage

A

Lipids

95
Q

fats, oils, and cholesterols

A

lipids

96
Q

long-chained carboxylic acids

A

fatty acids

97
Q

the longest chain of fatty acids

A

triglyceride

98
Q

adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats

A

hydrogenation

99
Q

lipid that stabilizes cell membranes, transports fats as lipoproteins

A

cholesterol

100
Q

lab modified fats

A

trans fats

101
Q

building blocks of living cells

A

protiens

102
Q

made of 20 amino acids

A

protiens

103
Q

how many amino acids are essential for proteins and how many are non-essential

A

9 are essential
11 are non-essential

104
Q

arranged in polypeptide chains

A

proteins

105
Q

acids that are found in the nucleus

A

nucleic acids

106
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid / master program

A

DNA

107
Q

the blueprints of life that reside in the nucleus of the cells

A

DNA

108
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

RNA

109
Q

copies of DNA that make proteins using the DNA’s information

A

RNA

110
Q

long chains of nucleotides

A

structure

111
Q

has a phosphate, sugar, and a base

A

nucleotide

112
Q

the order of the bases holds the

A

genetic code

113
Q

measures length

A

meter

114
Q

measures time

A

seconds

115
Q

measures mass

A

kilograms

116
Q

measures energy

A

joules

117
Q

measures power

A

watts

118
Q

failed cooling system caused a burst of radioactively-contaminated steam and coolant to be released

A

Three-Mile Island

119
Q

what year was Three-Mile Island

A

1979

120
Q

a test led to a steam explosion contaminated with 400 tons of radioactive material

A

Chernobyl

121
Q

what year was Chernobyl

A

1986

122
Q

reactor damaged by tsunami waters and a lack of electricity disrupted the cooling, causing the release of steam and chemical reactions releasing hydrogen, leading to an explosion

A

Fukushima

123
Q

what year was Fukushima

A

2011

124
Q

a general scheme for gaining reliable information about the universe

A

The Scientific Method

125
Q

the study of God’s order and reasonableness in the physical universe

A

Science

126
Q

the study of stuff

A

science

127
Q

limited to the physical and observable

A

science

128
Q

steps of the scientific method

A
  1. formulating a problem
  2. observe and experimentation
  3. Interpretation
  4. Testing the Interpretation
129
Q

units can be combined to produce

A

derived units

130
Q

the rate at which distance is covered

A

speed

131
Q

equation for velocity

A

v=d/t
d=vt
t=d/v

132
Q

measures of magnitude only

A

scalar

133
Q

measure of magnitude only

A

vectors

134
Q

change in velocity over time

A

acceleration

135
Q

speeding up, slowing down, changing direction

A

acceleration

136
Q

acceleration equation

A

a= v2-v1/t

137
Q

gravity equation

A

9.8 m/s squared

138
Q

an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion unless acted on by unbalanced force

A

First Law of Motion

139
Q

the property of matter that shows itself as inertia

A

mass

140
Q

the net force on an object equals the product of the mass and the acceleration of the object

A

Second Law of Motion

141
Q

second law of motion (force) equation

A

F= ma (force and mass increase)

142
Q

every object in the universe attracts every other object

A

Newton’s Law of Gravity

143
Q

Newton’s Law of Gravity equation

A

F=GM1M2/rsquared

144
Q

is done when a force causes a change in an objects position

A

work

145
Q

work equation

A

W =Fd

146
Q

the rate of doing work

A

Power

147
Q

power equation

A

P= w/t

148
Q

measured in Watts

A

power

149
Q

the energy of an objects motion

A

Kinetic energy

150
Q

equation for KE

A

KE = 1/2mvsquared

151
Q

the energy stored in an objects position

A

Potential energy

152
Q

PE equation

A

PE= mgh

153
Q

class 1 levers

A

increase or decrease force

154
Q

class 2 levers

A

increases force

155
Q

class 3 levers

A

decreases force

156
Q

momentum equation

A

p= mv

157
Q

energy equivalent of an objects

A

Rest energy

158
Q

Rest energy equation

A

E = mcsquared

159
Q

a measure of hotness or coldness

A

temperature

160
Q

Fahrenheit equation

A

F= 9/5 C+32

161
Q

Celsius equation

A

C= 5/9 (F-32)

162
Q

sum of the molecules KE

A

heat

163
Q

a measure of how heavy or light a material is

A

density

164
Q

density equation

A

d= m/v (density = mas per unit volume)

165
Q

transfer of heat by the kinetic behavior of matter

A

conduction

166
Q

transfer of heat by the movement of air

A

convection

167
Q

transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves

A

radiation

168
Q

equation for ampere

A

I= Q/t (intensity = charge/ time)

169
Q

voltage equation

A

V=w/Q (voltage = work/charge

170
Q

opposition to the flow of charge

A

resistance

171
Q

rate at which the currents potential energy is flowing

A

P=IV (power = charge times voltage

172
Q

coulomb’s law equation

A

F=KQ1Q2/R2

173
Q

below audible frequency

A

Infrasonic

174
Q

above audible frequency

A

ultrasonic

175
Q

sound is measured in

A

decibels

176
Q

a changing of frequency caused by motion

A

Doppler Effect

177
Q

the vibration of the harmonics in harmony

A

Resonance

178
Q

higher frequencies; multiples of the fundamental

A

overtones

179
Q

lowest frequency that can be produced

A

fundamental

180
Q

waves without matter; transverse waves; travel at the speed of light

A

electromagnetic waves

181
Q

electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency

A

Radio Waves; Radar; Microwaves; Infared; Visible light; Ultraviolet; X-rays; Gamma Rays

182
Q

light that bounces and goes in straight lines

A

reflections

183
Q

light that bends and is not straight

A

refractions

184
Q

the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

A

law of reflection

185
Q

a piece of transparent material shaped so that it can produce an image by refracting light

A

Lense

186
Q

gathers light- has a real focal point (magnifying glass); convex

A

converging

187
Q

scatters light - has a virtual focus point

A

diverging lense

188
Q

ciliary muscles are related; makes the lens flat

A

distance vision

189
Q

contracted ciliary muscles; makes lens more round

A

close vision

190
Q

the eyeball is too long; far objects come in focus in front of the retina; corrected by a diverging lens

A

nearsightedness

191
Q

eyeball is too short; near object come into focus behind the retina; corrected by a converging lense

A

farsightedness

192
Q

central core of the atom made of protons and neutrons

A

the nucleus

193
Q

atoms are made of electrons floating in a uniform sea of positive charges; was accepted until 1911; plum pudding model

A

Thompson’s model

194
Q

the discovery of the nucleus; nuclear reactions emit positively charged alpha particles

A

Rutherford’s model

195
Q

atoms are made of small dense nucleus with orbiting electrons

A

Rutherford’s conclusion

196
Q

atoms of the same element with different mases

A

Isotopes

197
Q

protons and neutrons

A

nucleons

198
Q

a nucleus with a specific composition

A

nuclide

199
Q

heavy; particles affected by strong interaction; protons and neutrons are examples

A

Hadrons

200
Q

particles not affected by strong interactions; electrons are examples; neutrinos

A

Leptons

201
Q

neutral leptons that are only detected through the weak interactions

A

neutrinos

202
Q

building blocks of the hadrons

A

quarks

203
Q

down quarks have what charge

A

-1/3

204
Q

up quarks have a what charge

A

+2/3

205
Q

the exploration of the probabilities of electrons position and momentum

A

quantum mechanics

206
Q

descriptions of the orbitals in which the electrons are most probable located

A

quantum numbers

207
Q

Bohr’s electron; Probability of how far the electron is from the nucleus

A

principle quantum number

208
Q

the shape of the electrons path as it travels in the orbital

A

angular momentum quantum number

1 semester junior year (26 decks)

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