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1 semester junior year > Physical Science Chapter 8 (8.0 - 8.7) quiz > Flashcards

Physical Science Chapter 8 (8.0 - 8.7) quiz Flashcards

1
Q

time needed for half of an initial amount of the nuclide to decay

A

half-life

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2
Q

what are the units of radiation

A

severst

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3
Q

on average a person experiences how many severst per year

A

3

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4
Q

dental x-ray =

A

.005 mSv (less than 12 hours of radiation)

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5
Q

chest x-ray =

A

.1 mSv

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6
Q

CT scan =

A

2-10 mSv

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7
Q

how much mSv is lethal

A

a dose over 4

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8
Q

what is the mass of a hydrogen atom with no neutrons

A

atomic mass unit (amu)

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9
Q

what is the amount of energy given to a million electrons by 1 V

A

megaelectronvolts (MeV)

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10
Q

what is used to measure radiation energy on the atomic level

A

Megaeletronvolts

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11
Q

as subatomic particles bind what happens

A

they lose mass energy

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12
Q

a nuclide of a proton and a neutron has ___ mass than the sum of the individual masses

A

less

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13
Q

the energy equivalent to the missing mass of a nucleus

A

binding energy

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14
Q

higher elevation give

A

more background radiation

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15
Q

what is the amount of energy needed to split the nuclide

A

the rest energy equivalent to the mass

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16
Q

Cental core of the atom made of protons and neutrons

A

the nucleus

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17
Q

which model says atoms are made of electrons floating in a uniform sea of positive charges
was accepted until 1911
“Plum Pudding” model

A

Thompson’s model - 1888

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18
Q

which model has the discovery of the nucleus
nuclear reactions emit positively charged alpha particles
it was expected that all alpha particles would get deviated slightly through a thin layer of gold by the positive “plum pudding”
most of the alpha particles passed through unaffected while a few were completely deflected

A

Rutherford’s Model

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19
Q

Who’s conclusion was that atoms are made of a small dense nucleus with orbiting electrons

A

Rutherford’s

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20
Q

number of protons in an atom

A

atomic number

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21
Q

what gives the atom its identity as an element

A

atomic number

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22
Q

what is found at the top of the element on the periodic table

A

atomic number

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23
Q

what are atoms of the same element with different masses

A

Isotopes

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24
Q

what are the total number of nucleons in an atom

A

mass number

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25
Q

what are nucleons

A

protons and neutrons

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26
Q

what is a nucleus with a specific composition

A

nuclide

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27
Q

what is the ability of an atom to give off penetrating radiation

A

Radioactivity

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28
Q

unstable nuclei turning into stable nuclei as they emit radiation

A

radioactive decay

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29
Q

positive charges that are deflected weakly by a magnetic field

A

alpha particles

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30
Q

what is made of two protons and two neutrons

A

alpha particles

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31
Q

failed cooling system caused a burst of radioactively-contaminated steam and coolant to be released. poor design, bad maintenance, error in worker attitudes

A

Three-Mile Island 1979

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32
Q

a test led to a steam explosion contaminated with 400 tons of radioactive material

A

Chernobyl 1986

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33
Q

reactor damaged by tsunami waters and a lack of electricity disrupted the cooling, causing the release of steam and chemical reactions releasing hydrogen, leading to an explosion

A

Fukushima 2011

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34
Q

the combination of light nuclei to make heavier nuclei; releases an enormous amount of energy

A

nuclear fusion

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35
Q

particles that cannot be broken down into anything else

A

elementary particles

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36
Q

protons and neutrons are made of

A

quarks

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37
Q

what has the same mass but the opposite charges of protons and electrons

A

antiparticles

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38
Q

opposite electron

A

positrons

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39
Q

negative particle that is the same size of a proton

A

antiproton

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40
Q

the meeting and destruction into pure energy of a particle with its antiparticle

A

anihilation

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41
Q

the production of a particle and an antiparticle from a gamma ray

A

pair production

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42
Q

attraction of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
measured as the binding energy
act over short ranges

A

fundamental interactions

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43
Q

all electrical and magnetic forces
acts between charged particles
unlimited in range

A

electromagnetic interaction

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44
Q

affects all particles
causes beta decay
short-ranged interaction

A

weak interaction

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45
Q

the splitting of a neutron into a proton and an electron

A

beta decay

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46
Q

attraction of masses
weakest interaction
dominates large-scale interactions

A

gravitational interactions

47
Q

all elementary particles can be classifies as

A

hadrons or leptons

48
Q

particles affected by strong interactions
protons and neutrons

A

hadrons

49
Q

particles not affected by strong interactions
electrons are examples
neutrinos

A

leptons

50
Q

neutral leptons that are only detected through the weak interactions

A

neutrinos

51
Q

can pass through atoms undetected

A

neutrinos

52
Q

building blocks of hadrons

A

quarks

53
Q

down quarks have what charge

A
  • 1/3
54
Q

up quarks have what charge

A

+ 2/3

55
Q

two down quarks and an up quark make

A

a neutron

56
Q

two up quarks and a down quark make

A

a proton

57
Q

branches of physics that treat particles and waves as separate

A

classical physics

58
Q

physics of the atomic world
wave-particle duality

A

Modern Physics

59
Q

electrons are given off by metals that are exposed to light

A

photoelectric effect

60
Q

what color has the least (lowest) frequency

A

red

61
Q

what color has the highest frequency

A

violet

62
Q

dim =

A

few electrons

63
Q

bright =

A

many electrons

64
Q

blue =

A

very energetic

65
Q

light particle; pieces of light

A

photons

66
Q

is a photon a particle or a wave

A

yes

67
Q

light acts as what when it travels

A

a wave

68
Q

discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen

A

x-rays

69
Q

moving particles act like matter waves

A

De Broglie Waves

70
Q

excited atoms emit distinct photons

A

atomic spectra

71
Q

devices that measure the specific frequencies of light produced by atoms

A

spectroscopes

72
Q

a mapping of each color of light produced by an excited electron

A

emission spectrum

73
Q

a mapping pf each color absorbed by atoms at rest

A

absorption spectrum

74
Q

the general pattern atomic spectra seem to follow

A

spectral series

75
Q

the lines in the spectral series indicated electron energy levels determined by their distance from the nucleus

A

Bohr Model

76
Q

a description of which orbit the electron is in

A

first quantum number

77
Q

normal position of an electron when it is at its lowest possible energy

A

ground state

78
Q

a higher orbit that an energy jumps to as it gains energy

A

excited state

79
Q

the exploration of the probabilities of electrons position and momentum

A

quantum mechanics

80
Q

what is contrasted with Newtonian mechanics

A

quantum mechanics

81
Q

orbitals of probability instead of orbits of definite position

A

quantum mechanics

82
Q

descriptions of the orbitals in which the electrons are most probably located

A

quantum numbers

83
Q

negative charges that are deflected weakly by a magnetic field
made of two protons and two neutrons

A

beta particles

84
Q

radiation that is not affected by magnetic fields
has no mass and no charge

A

gamma rays

85
Q

large and easily stopped, not harmful

A

alpha particles

86
Q

smaller, can pass through clothing, skin, and non vital organs

A

beta particles

87
Q

can pass through anything

A

gamma ray

88
Q

a nucleus with how many nucleons has the most binding energy

A

56

89
Q

nuclei that instantly divide if given a neutron

A

fissionable nuclei

90
Q

the increase in what of the products results in a massive release of energy

A

binding energy

91
Q

periodic disturbance - back and forth motion of some kind

A

wave

92
Q

traveling through matter

A

mechanical waves

93
Q

moving perpendicular to the direction of travel

A

transverse waves

94
Q

moving parallel to the direction of travel

A

longitudinal waves

95
Q

water waves are a combination of which two waves

A

transverse and longitudinal

96
Q

distance from crest to crest

A

wavelength

97
Q

number of crests per second

A

frequency

98
Q

time needed for a complete wave to pass

A

period

99
Q

hight of the crest from the undistubed level

A

amplitude

100
Q

waves interfering to produce a defined pattern

A

standing waves

101
Q

areas of no displacement

A

nodes

102
Q

a bright light has more or less kinetic energy than a dim light

A

more

103
Q

emit photons in discrete units of energy

A

electrons

104
Q

what is the unit called when electrons emit photons in discrete units of energy

A

quanta

105
Q

the energy of each quanta is exclusively determined by

A

its frequency (color)

106
Q

discovered by Wilhelm Reontgen
were produced using the reverse of the photoelectric effect
high frequencies of light
KE of the electrons is converted to the energy of the photns

A

x-rays

107
Q

moving particles act like matter waves

A

De Broglie Waves

108
Q

it is impossible to know both the exact position and exact momentum of a particle at the same time

A

uncertainty principle

109
Q

wide wave packet has how many data points

A

a lot

110
Q

narrow wave packets have how many data points

A

few

111
Q

devices that measure the specific frequencies of light produced by atoms

A

spectroscopes

112
Q

a mapping of each color of light produced by an excited electron

A

emmision spectrum

113
Q

a mapping of each color absorbed by atoms at rest

A

absorption spectrum

114
Q

the general pattern atomic spectra seem to follow

A

spectral series

1 semester junior year (21 decks)

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