Physical Science Chapter 8 (8.0 - 8.7) quiz Flashcards
time needed for half of an initial amount of the nuclide to decay
half-life
what are the units of radiation
severst
on average a person experiences how many severst per year
3
dental x-ray =
.005 mSv (less than 12 hours of radiation)
chest x-ray =
.1 mSv
CT scan =
2-10 mSv
how much mSv is lethal
a dose over 4
what is the mass of a hydrogen atom with no neutrons
atomic mass unit (amu)
what is the amount of energy given to a million electrons by 1 V
megaelectronvolts (MeV)
what is used to measure radiation energy on the atomic level
Megaeletronvolts
as subatomic particles bind what happens
they lose mass energy
a nuclide of a proton and a neutron has ___ mass than the sum of the individual masses
less
the energy equivalent to the missing mass of a nucleus
binding energy
higher elevation give
more background radiation
what is the amount of energy needed to split the nuclide
the rest energy equivalent to the mass
Cental core of the atom made of protons and neutrons
the nucleus
which model says atoms are made of electrons floating in a uniform sea of positive charges
was accepted until 1911
“Plum Pudding” model
Thompson’s model - 1888
which model has the discovery of the nucleus
nuclear reactions emit positively charged alpha particles
it was expected that all alpha particles would get deviated slightly through a thin layer of gold by the positive “plum pudding”
most of the alpha particles passed through unaffected while a few were completely deflected
Rutherford’s Model
Who’s conclusion was that atoms are made of a small dense nucleus with orbiting electrons
Rutherford’s
number of protons in an atom
atomic number
what gives the atom its identity as an element
atomic number
what is found at the top of the element on the periodic table
atomic number
what are atoms of the same element with different masses
Isotopes
what are the total number of nucleons in an atom
mass number
what are nucleons
protons and neutrons
what is a nucleus with a specific composition
nuclide
what is the ability of an atom to give off penetrating radiation
Radioactivity
unstable nuclei turning into stable nuclei as they emit radiation
radioactive decay
positive charges that are deflected weakly by a magnetic field
alpha particles
what is made of two protons and two neutrons
alpha particles
failed cooling system caused a burst of radioactively-contaminated steam and coolant to be released. poor design, bad maintenance, error in worker attitudes
Three-Mile Island 1979
a test led to a steam explosion contaminated with 400 tons of radioactive material
Chernobyl 1986
reactor damaged by tsunami waters and a lack of electricity disrupted the cooling, causing the release of steam and chemical reactions releasing hydrogen, leading to an explosion
Fukushima 2011
the combination of light nuclei to make heavier nuclei; releases an enormous amount of energy
nuclear fusion
particles that cannot be broken down into anything else
elementary particles
protons and neutrons are made of
quarks
what has the same mass but the opposite charges of protons and electrons
antiparticles
opposite electron
positrons
negative particle that is the same size of a proton
antiproton
the meeting and destruction into pure energy of a particle with its antiparticle
anihilation
the production of a particle and an antiparticle from a gamma ray
pair production
attraction of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
measured as the binding energy
act over short ranges
fundamental interactions
all electrical and magnetic forces
acts between charged particles
unlimited in range
electromagnetic interaction
affects all particles
causes beta decay
short-ranged interaction
weak interaction
the splitting of a neutron into a proton and an electron
beta decay