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1 semester junior year > Earth and Space > Flashcards

Earth and Space Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

What is soil below the ground that is soaked

A

Saturated soil

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2
Q

What is the upper boundary of saturated ground

A

Water table

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3
Q

What is groundwater flowing to the surface

A

Spring

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4
Q

What are large, slowly flowing reservoirs of groundwater. Provide half of the USA’s freshwater, and erodes limestone to produce caves

A

Aquifers

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5
Q

What is water accumulated below the surface and can be a source of depositing material

A

groundwater

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6
Q

What are erosion deposits

A

Sediments

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7
Q

What are sediments that replenish soil making it more fertile

A

Floodplain deposits

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8
Q

What are deposits left as a mountain stream slows

A

Alluvial fan

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9
Q

What are deposits extending out to sea left by major rivers

A

Delta

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10
Q

What are 3 stream deposit sites

A
  1. Floodplain deposits
  2. Alluvial fan
  3. Delta
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11
Q

What are piles of debris at the sides of a glacier

A

Moraines

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12
Q

What is a mixture of rocks laid down by the glacier

A

Tills

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13
Q

What are two glacial deposits

A
  1. Moraines
  2. Tills
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14
Q

What are precipitated minerals in underground cracks

A

Veins

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15
Q

what are limestone deposits from a cavern’s roof

A

Stalactites

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16
Q

What are limestone deposits at the floor of a cavern

A

Stalagmites

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17
Q

Because groundwater can be a source of depositing material what can it cause

A

veins, stalactites, and stalagmites

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18
Q

what is the conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock

A

lithification

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19
Q

When did lithification most occur

A

during the flood

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20
Q

What is the movement of molten rock

A

Vulcanism

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21
Q

What are the movements of solid crustal materials

A

Diastrophism

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22
Q

What is an opening in the earth’s crust from which molten rock pours

A

Volcano

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23
Q

What is molten rock under the surface

A

Magma

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24
Q

What is molten rock above the surface

A

Lava

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25
Q

What shape is a volcano

A

Conical

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26
Q

what is a depression at the summit of a volcano

A

Crater

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27
Q

What are the deadliest products of a volcano

A

gas and ash

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28
Q

what was the most destructive volcanic event in history

A

Krakatoa

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29
Q

When was Krakatoa

A

August 17, 1883

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30
Q

What is mafic lava

A

the lava is runny and has low viscosity

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31
Q

What is felsic lava

A

it has more silica in it so it causes the lava to have more viscosity

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32
Q

What are 3 volcanic rocks

A
  1. fine grained
  2. basalt
  3. pumice
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33
Q

What volcanic rock is the most common volcanic rock

A

Basalt

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34
Q

What volcanic rock is light and porous igneous rock

A

pumice

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35
Q

Which volcanic rock is more mafic

A

Basalt

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36
Q

Which volcanic rock is more felsic

A

Pumice

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37
Q

Where are Volcanos located

A

Ring of fire” Iceland, the mediterranean, and East Africa

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38
Q

How many volcanic eruptions per year are there on average

A

50

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39
Q

Where is magma formed

A

underneath the surface

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40
Q

What are bodies of solidified magma

A

Plutons

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41
Q

What rock is most common in Plutons

A

Granite

42
Q

Are plutons coarse or fine grained

A

coarse grained

43
Q

What are 4 types of plutons

A
  1. Dikes
  2. Sills
  3. Laccoliths
  4. Batholiths
44
Q

which type of pluton have areas where magma comes up from the earth

A

Dikes

45
Q

Which type of pluton has horizontal intrusions between layers

A

Sills

46
Q

Which type of plutons have intrusions that push the overlying crust upward

A

Laccoliths

47
Q

Which type of plutons have large, vast intrusions that form mountain ranges

A

Batholiths

48
Q

What is the process of the snow compacting into a glacier

A

Glaciation

49
Q

What are glaciers originating from a mountain and erode a U-shaped depression

A

Valley Glaciers

50
Q

Which glaciers are found in Greenland and Antarctica, are in massive sheets of ice slipping off the continent, and fragments become icebergs

A

Continental glaciers

51
Q

Cuts and grooves in rock and deposits with boulders with flattened sides are indicators of what

A

glacial erosion

52
Q

What is the definition of science

A

the systematic study of the physical universew

53
Q

what is the one word definition for science

A

knowledge

54
Q

What is the definition of the scientific method

A

a process of gaining reliable information about the natural world

55
Q

what are the steps to the scientific method

A
  1. Formulating a problem/question
  2. Observation and experimentation
  3. Interpretation
  4. Testing the interpretation
56
Q

Which step of the scientific method starts with a hunch and produces a hypothesis

A

Formulating a problem/question

57
Q

Which step of the scientific method is gathering facts and testing models

A

Observation and Experimentation

58
Q

Which step of the scientific method may become a theory or law and can make predictions concerning new data

A

Interpretation

59
Q

which step of the scientific method is performing new experiments and confirming, modifying, or rejecting the interpretation

A

Testing the interpretation

60
Q

What are the two types of interpretation

A

Law and theory

61
Q

What is a general rule that describes the data and tells what

A

Law

62
Q

What are specific conclusions from observations that can produce predictions and tells why

A

theory (ex. atomic theory)

63
Q

What is a simplified version of reality

A

model

64
Q

Scientific knowledge is based on what

A

presuppositions

65
Q

what is taking a specific example and making a general conclusion

A

induction

66
Q

Science can’t account for what 3 things

A
  1. Logic
  2. Mathematical truths
  3. Ethics
67
Q

Science is a what

A

tool

68
Q

Evolutionary science believes what 3 things

A
  1. claims that all beliefs should be challenged
  2. Proponents accept evolution and big bang by faith
  3. Purpose is to remove the creator from creation
69
Q

What makes up half (50%) of the earth’s crust

A

oxygen

70
Q

What is oxygen usually bonded to

A

silicon (28%)

71
Q

what are silicates

A

silicon bonded with oxygen and a metal

72
Q

Most rocks are made of what pyramids

A

silica pyramids

73
Q

What doesn’t dissolve in water

A

silica

74
Q

What are naturally occurring, non-living, inorganic solids

A

minerals

75
Q

what is orderly repeating pattern making distinctive shapes

A

crystalline

76
Q

Are cleavages jagged or smooth

A

smooth

77
Q

Are fractures jagged or smooth

A

jagged

78
Q

What are the 6 most common minerals

A
  1. Quartz
  2. Feldspar
  3. Mica
  4. Ferromagnesian
  5. Clay
  6. Calcite
79
Q

Which mineral is most abundant on earth, has a prism or pyramid-shaped silica crystals, and is pure silica

A

Quartz

80
Q

Which mineral has silicates of K or Al that form rectangular crystals, is the most abundant mineral in the earth’s crust

A

Feldspar

81
Q

Which mineral is a soft silicate that cleaves into sheets and comes in two varieties of white and black

A

Mica

82
Q

What are silicates of iron and magnesium and can be dark green or black

A

Ferromagnesian

83
Q

Which mineral is light, soft, and powdery silicates of aluminum

A

Clay

84
Q

Which mineral has soft hexagonal crystals of calcium carbonate and is found in limestone and marble

A

Calcite

85
Q

which mineral dissolves in water

A

Calcite

86
Q

What type of rocks form from molten state from cooled magma or lava

A

Igneous

87
Q

What is one type of igneous rock

A

Obsidian

88
Q

Which rocks are compacted sediments or deposits by water

A

Sedimentary rocks

89
Q

What are 5 types of sedimentary rocks

A

Conglomerate
Sandstone
Shale
Limestone
Chirt

90
Q

What are conglomerate rocks

A

cemented gravel

91
Q

What are particle sizes from smallest to largest

A

clay, silt, sand, gravel, stones, boulders

92
Q

What is compacted as cemented sand

A

Sandstone

93
Q

What is soft rock from thin layers of mud or silt

A

Shale

94
Q

What is precipitated chemicals from shell fragments and chalk and make up 1/3 of the sea floor

A

Limestone

95
Q

What rock is microcrystalline quartz, has smooth rocks that have hard sharp edges, and is less common

A

chert

96
Q

What rocks are formed from other rocks by heat and or pressure

A

metamorphic rock

97
Q

What are the 4 types of metamorphic rock

A
  1. Slate
  2. Schistt
  3. Gneiss
  4. Marble
98
Q

What rock is formed from clay at low temps

A

Slate

99
Q

What rocks are formed from shale at higher temps

A

Schist

100
Q

What rocks are formed from nearly any rock at high temps/pressure

A

Gneiss

101
Q

What rocks are formed from limestone at high temps/pressure

A

Marble

1 semester junior year (21 decks)

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