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PORG > PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES > Flashcards

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Flashcards

1
Q

A property that does not affect the chemical identity of a compound.

A

Physical Property

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2
Q

Can be observed and measured without changing a compound’s composition of matter.

A

Physical Property

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3
Q

Any substance that has mass and can occupy space.

A

Physical Property

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4
Q

2 Types of Physical Property

A

Intensive / Intrinsic
Extensive / Extrinsic

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5
Q

Independent of system size or material content.

A

Intensive / Intrinsic Property

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6
Q

Example of this property are boiling points, melting points, temperature, density, etc.

A

Intensive / Intrinsic Property

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7
Q

Boiling point of water.

A

100°C

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8
Q

Dependent of system size or material content.

A

Extensive / Extrinsic Property

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9
Q

Example of this property are weight, height, mass, length, etc.

A

Extensive / Extrinsic Property

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10
Q

Within the molecule.

A

Intramolecular

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11
Q

Between the molecules.

A

Intermolecular

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12
Q

The physical properties of molecules are in part dependent on ?

A

the types of IMF present

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13
Q

Boiling points (BP) are dependent on ?

A

the mass of the molecule

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14
Q

Solubility, the ability to dissolve into a solvent, is dependent on ?

A

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

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15
Q

The strength of the interaction between molecules is also dependent on ?

A

the overall shape of the molecule

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16
Q

3 Types of Intermolecular forces, by decreasing strength they are:

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding
  2. Dipole-dipole
  3. London Dispersion
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17
Q

What is the strongest type of Intermolecular forces?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

A complex interaction that includes dipole-dipole, as well as orbital interactions and the transfer of electron density between molecules.

A

Hydrogen bonding

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19
Q

These are the strongest of the IMFs.

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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20
Q

Hydrogen bonding ranges from what kJ/mol?

A

5 - 25 kJ/mol

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21
Q

Dipole means?

A

Polar

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22
Q

Induced Dipole means?

A

Non-polar

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23
Q

Interaction between polar and polar?

A

Dipole-dipole

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24
Q

Interaction between polar and non-polar?

A

Dipole and Induced Dipole

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25
Q

Interaction between non-polar and non-polar?

A

Induced Dipole and Induced Dipole

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26
Q

Hydrogen bonding occur primarily between?

A

OH (Oxygen)
NH (Nitrogen)
FH (Fluorine)

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27
Q

In Hydrogen Bonding, the more ______ the atom the stronger the interaction.

A

Electronegative

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28
Q

In hydrogen bonding, the atom H is attached to usually has a ____ ____ of e-

A

lone pair

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29
Q

Forces arise from the attraction of OPPOSITELY charged atoms (other than H) In molecules.

A

Dipole-Dipole

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30
Q

This molecules may have a permanent dipole moment.

(Hindi madaling mag displace)

A

Dipole-Dipole

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31
Q

Generally in organic molecules they result from the presence of C-X (carbon bonded to an atom) where X is more electronegative to that of C.

A

Dipole-Dipole

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32
Q

Dipole-Dipole ranges from what kJ/mol?

A

5 - 10 kJ/mol

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33
Q

Permanent Dipole - Permanent Dipole (between 2 polar molecules) is also known as?

A

Keesom Force

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34
Q

Permanent Dipole - Induced Dipole is also known as?

A

Debye Force

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35
Q

Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole is also known as?

A

London dispersion force

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36
Q

Forces arise from the movement of electrons within a molecule.

A

London Dispersion

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37
Q

In london dispersion, the natural motion can produce an uneven distribution of the electrons (polarization of the distribution) resulting in a __________ in the molecule. This will induce the movement of electrons in adjacent molecules producing a dipole moment in them.

A

temporary dipole movement

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38
Q

In london dispersion, these “induced” dipole moments are very brief as they ________ when the electrons move to new locations within the molecule.

A

disappear

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39
Q

London Dispersion ranges from what kJ/mol?

A

2 - 5 kJ/mol

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40
Q

Other name of London Dispersion?

A

Induced Dipole - Induced Dipole

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41
Q

The strength of the IMFs depend on the ____________ between the molecules, especially for dispersion forces. Hence the shape of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact, long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.

A

amount of contact

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42
Q

The strength of the IMFs depend on the amount of contact between the molecules, especially for dispersion forces. Hence the ______ of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact, long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.

A

shape

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43
Q

Long thin molecules have more surface in contact than spherical molecules.

(True or False)

A

True

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44
Q

Molecules having a polar functional group have a higher________ than others with a non polar functional group of similar molecular masses.

A

boiling point

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45
Q

Factors affecting the physical properties of organic compounds

A
  • Structure of Functional Group
  • Molecules having a polar functional group have a higher boiling point than others with non-polar functional group of similar molecular masses
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46
Q

Molecules with _____ (longer) molecular masses have higher melting point, boiling point and density.

A

higher

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47
Q

formula of density

A

m
d × v

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48
Q

Molecules with BRANCHED chains have _____ boiling point and density that it’s straight chain isomer.

A

lower

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49
Q

__________ isomers have greater surface area in contact with each other. Greater attractive force among the molecules.

A

Straight-chain

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50
Q

Larger molecules have _____ boiling and melting points.

A

Higher

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51
Q

Mass is constant. Weight measures gravitational force (N).

A
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52
Q

Forces that hold atoms together within a molecule (inside the molecule).

A

Intramolecular Forces

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53
Q

4 types of Intramolecular Forces

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Polar covalent
  3. Non-polar covalent
  4. Metallic bond
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54
Q

Strongest INTRAmolecular force

A

Metallic bond

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55
Q

Weakest INTRAmolecular force

A

Non-polar covalent

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56
Q

London Dispersion is under?

A

van der Waals force

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57
Q

affected by the pull of gravity

A

weight

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58
Q

amount of matter in an object

59
Q

Force of attraction within molecules (atom to another atom).

A

INTRAmolecular forces

60
Q

Force of attraction between the molecules.

A

INTERmolecular forces

61
Q

London Dispersion other name?

A

Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole

62
Q

Molecules having a polar functional group have a _____ boiling point than others with a non polar functional group of similar molecular masses.

63
Q

low boiling point meaning it is (faster/lower) to boil

64
Q

Molecules with higher molecular masses have ______ m.p., b.p. and density.

65
Q

Molecules with branched chains have ______ b.p. and density than its straight-chain isomer.

66
Q

Straight-chain isomers have ______ surface area in contact with each other so greater attractive force among the molecules.

67
Q

Larger molecules have _______ boiling and melting points.

68
Q

While mass is constant, weight measures?

A

gravitational force

69
Q

Hold atoms together within a molecule.

A

INTRAmolecular forces

70
Q

4 types of Intramolecular forces

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Polar covalent
  3. Non-polar covalent
  4. Metallic bond
71
Q

Strongest INTRAmolecular force

A

Metallic bond

72
Q

Weakest INTRAmolecular force

A

Non-polar covalent

73
Q

same charges?

74
Q

opposite charges

A

attraction

75
Q

london dispersion/ induced dipole-induced dipole is also known as?

A

instantaneous dipole

76
Q

Evaporates at room temperature or below.

A

Volatility

77
Q

If the solvent is polar, like water, then a smaller hydrocarbon componrnt and/or more charged hydrogen bonding, and other polar groups will tend to ______ the solubility

78
Q

non-polar / hydrophobic / ?

A

lipophilic

79
Q

polar / hydrophilic / ?

A

lipophobic

80
Q

More carbons means more of a non- polar/hydrophobic character, and thus _______ solubility in water.

81
Q

Anything with a _______ group (eg. ammonium, carboxylate, phosphate) is almost certainly water soluble, unless it has a large nonpolar group, in which case it will most likely be soluble in the form of micelles, like a soap or detergent.

82
Q

charged group examples

A

ammonium, carboxylate, phosphate

83
Q

These are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in an aq solution.

(Found in soaps and detergent.)

84
Q

heads are

A

polar / hydrophilic

85
Q

tails are

A

non-polar / hydrophobic

86
Q

Any functional group that can donate a hydrogen bond to water (eg. alcohols, amines) will ________ contribute to water solubility.

A

significantly

87
Q

Any functional group that can only accept a hydrogen bond from water (eg. ketones, aldehydes, ethers) will have a _____________ but still significant effect on water solubility:

A

somewhat smaller

88
Q

Other groups that contribute to polarity (eg. alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides) will make a ______ contribution to water solubility.

89
Q

What functional groups can donate a hydrogen bond to water that can significantly contribute to water solubility?

A

alcohols, amines

90
Q

What functional groups can accept a hydrogen bond from water that will have a somewhat smaller but still significant effect on water solubility?

A

ketones, aldehydes, ethers

91
Q

What functional groups make a small contribution to water solubility?

A

Alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides

92
Q

Processes in which noncovalent interactions between identical molecules in a pure sample are disrupted.

A

boiling and melting points

93
Q

The stronger the _________ interactions, the more energy that is required, in the form of heat, to break them apart.

A

noncovalent

94
Q

liquid to gas

A

boiling / evaporation

95
Q

solid to liquid

96
Q

liquid to solid

97
Q

solid to gas without passing through liquid phase

A

sublimation

98
Q

The boiling points of the compounds in any homologous series _____ as their molecular weights increase because of the increase in van der Waals forces.

99
Q

_________ in a compound lowers its boiling point because it reduces the area of contact.

100
Q

A property determines how well the individual molecules in a solid fit together in a crystal lattice.

101
Q

Geometrical arrangement of atoms, ions, and molecules

A

Crystal lattice

102
Q

Occurs when one substance is converted into another substance(s).

A

Chemical reaction

103
Q

Accompanied by breaking of some bonds and by making of some others.

A

Chemical reaction

104
Q

Define as the detailed knowledge of the steps involved in a process in which the reactant molecules change into products.

A

Reaction Mechanism

105
Q

Chemical reactions involve ______ of one or more of the existing chemical bonds in reactant molecule(s) and _______ of new bonds leading to products.

A

breaking & formation

106
Q

The breaking of a covalent bond is known as?

A

Bond fission

107
Q

During bond breaking or bond fission, the two shared electrons can be distributed _____ or _______ between the two bonded atoms.

A

equally or unequally

108
Q

The fission of a covalent bond with equal sharing of bond electrons.

A

Homolytic Fission

109
Q

Other names of homolytic fission.

A
  • Homolytic bond cleavage
  • Homolysis
110
Q

Free radicals are?

A
  • neutral
  • reactive species
  • has an unpaired electron
  • can initiate a chemical reaction
111
Q

The reaction if the bond breaking and bond making is symmetrical.

A

Radical reactions

112
Q

product of radical reactions

113
Q

The fission of a covalent bond involving unequal sharing of bonding electrons.

A

Heterolytic fission

114
Q

Heterolytic fission results in?

A

formation of ions

115
Q

lon which has a positive charge on carbon atom.

A

Carbonium ion / carbocation

116
Q

lon with a negative charge on the carbon atom.

117
Q

If the bond braking and bond making is assymetrical.

A

polar reactions

118
Q

Cyclic flow of electrons via single transition state. (No formation of ions)

A

Pericyclic reactions

119
Q

suffix phile meaning

120
Q

What are the charged species obtained by the heterolytic fission initiate chemical reactions?

A

Electrophiles and nucleophiles

121
Q

An electron deficient species and it may be positively charged or neutral.

A

Electrophile

122
Q

examples of electrophile

A

H+, AlCl3, Br2, Cl2, Ag+, CH3+, BF3 etc.

(hydrogen ion, aluminum chloride, bromine, chlorine, silver, methyl group, boron trifluoride)

123
Q

Is negatively charged or electron rich neutral species.

A

Nucleophiles

124
Q

Examples of nucleophiles

A

OH-, -NO2, H2O, :NH3 etc.

(hydroxide, nitrogen dioxide, water, ammonia)

125
Q

electron pair acceptors

A

electrophiles

126
Q

electron pair donor

A

nucleophiles

127
Q

2 examples that can act as electrophile and nucleophile

A

water and carbonyl

128
Q

water is an electrophile if it donates

A

hydrogen ion

129
Q

water is an nucleophile if it donates

A

non-bonding electron

130
Q

carbonyl is an electrophile if

A

it reacts on positive polarized carbon

131
Q

carbonyl is a nucleophile if

A

it reacts on partially negative part of polarized oxygen

132
Q

Chloride can be a nucleophile if it undergoes?

A

SN reaction

133
Q

Chloride can be an electrophile if it undergoes?

A

Friedel Crafts Alkylation

134
Q

Involves the displacement of one atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group.

A

Substitution

135
Q

Aliphatic compounds undergo ?

A

nucleophilic substitution reactions

136
Q

DMSO meaning

A

Dimethylsulfoxide

137
Q

Characterized by the removal of a small molecule from adjacent carbon atoms and the formation of a double bond.

A

Elimination

138
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes are extremely reactive towards a wide variety of reagents. The carbon-carbon double bond (-C=C-) of an alkene contains two types of bonds. In alkynes, three carbon-carbon bonds.

139
Q

An organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to generate a bigger one (the adduct).

140
Q

Proceeds with a fundamental change in the hydrocarbon skeleton of the molecule. During this reaction, an atom or group migrates from one position to another.

A

Molecular Rearrangements

141
Q

Reorganization in order to yield isomeric product.

A

Molecular Rearrangements

142
Q

What are the types of reaction in organic compounds?

A

• Substitution
• Elimination
• Addition
• Molecular Rearrangements

143
Q

These are weak interactions between molecules.

A

van der Waals forces

PORG (16 decks)

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