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PORG > ALDEHYDES & KETONES > Flashcards

ALDEHYDES & KETONES Flashcards

1
Q

Aside from Aldehydes & Ketones, what are the other carbonyl containing compounds?

A

Carboxylic acid and its derivatives

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2
Q

Have at least 1 hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

A

Aldehydes

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3
Q

Have 2 carbon groups attached to the carbonyl carbon.

A

Ketones

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4
Q

C=O is called

A

carbonyl carbon

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5
Q

C=O with R group is called

A

Acyl group

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6
Q

C=O with Hydrogen is called

A

Formyl group

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7
Q

Aldehyde group is synonymous with?

A

Formyl group

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8
Q

Acyl group found on Aldehydes/Ketones is?

A

Bonded to a hydrogen (aldehyde) or another carbon (ketone).

AND

it CAN’T stabilize negative charge

AND

it CAN’T act as a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction

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9
Q

Acyl group found on Carboxylic acid is?

A

Bonded to an atom (can be Oxygen, Halogen, Sulfur, Nitrogen).

AND

it CAN stabilize negative charge

AND

it CAN act as a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction

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10
Q

Bonded to a hydrogen (aldehyde) or another carbon (ketone).

A

Acyl group in Aldehydes & Ketones

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11
Q

it CAN’T stabilize negative charge

A

Acyl group in Aldehydes & Ketones

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12
Q

it CAN’T act as a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction

A

Acyl group in Aldehydes & Ketones

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13
Q

Bonded to an atom (can be Oxygen, Halogen, Sulfur, Nitrogen).

A

Acyl group in Carboxylic Acid & Its Derivatives

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14
Q

it CAN stabilize negative charge

A

Acyl group in Carboxylic Acid & Its Derivatives

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15
Q

it CAN act as a leaving group in a nucleophilic substitution reaction

A

Acyl group in Carboxylic Acid & Its Derivatives

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16
Q

Acyl group in carboxylic acid is bonded to an atom (can be ? ).

A

Oxygen, Halogen, Sulfur, Nitrogen

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17
Q

In nomenclature, carbon 1 would be the carbon with?

A

Carbonyl carbon

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18
Q

what suffix is added if the -CHO is attached to a cycloalkane

A

-carbaldehyde

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19
Q

what suffic is added if the -CHO is attached to a benzene ring

A

-benzenecarbaldehyde

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20
Q

Formaldehyde systematic name

A

Methanal

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21
Q

Acetaldehyde systematic name

A

Ethanal

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22
Q

Acrolein systematic name

A

Propenal

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23
Q

Crotonaldehyde systematic name

A

2-Butenal

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24
Q

Benzadehyde systematic name

A

Benzenecarbaldehyde

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25
Q

Propionaldehyde IUPAC name

A

Propanal

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26
Q

When is the prefix “oxo” used?

A

When ketone and aldehyde are NOT the functional groups; they become the substituent.

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27
Q

What functional group is higher than ketone and aldehyde?

A

Carboxylic acid and acid anhydride

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28
Q

Boiling point of Aldehydes & Ketones description?

A

Intermediate between alcohols and alkanes

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29
Q

Physical properties of aldehydes & ketones are due to the presence of?

A

Presence of carbonyl carbon (C=O)

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30
Q

carbonyl carbon (C=O) is polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar functional group

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31
Q

The boiling point increases with an increase in the size of the molecule so the chemical properties of Aldehydes & Ketones are due to the presence of a POLAR FUNCTIONAL GROUP or the CARBONYL CARBON.

A
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32
Q

Smaller compounds are soluble in water because?

A

They are Hydrogen bond acceptors.

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33
Q

The simplest aldehyde, is manufactured on a very large scale by the oxidation of methanol.

A

Formaldehyde

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34
Q

37% aqueous solution of Formaldehyde?

A

Formalin

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35
Q

It is a preservative and disinfectant; mostly used in the manufacture of plastics, building insulations, particle board and plywoods.

A

Formalin

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36
Q

It is a cold sterilant that is effective to kill microorganisms spores, resistant viruses used in proper concentration and even adequate contact time.

A

Formaldehyde

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37
Q

About half of acetaldehyde is produced anually to oxidize to?

A

Acetic acid

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38
Q

Manufactured mainly by the oxidation of ethylene over a palladium-copper catalyst.

A

Acetaldehyde

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39
Q

If ½ of acetaldehyde is used to oxidize acetic acid, the other ½ is used for?

A

Production of 1-butanol & other commercial chemicals.

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40
Q

The process of adding oxygen and removing hydrogen.

A

Oxidation

41
Q

Boiling point of Acetaldehyde?

A

20°C , very close to room temp.

42
Q

The source of Vanillin?

A

Vanilla bean

43
Q

Aside from being a flavorant, aldehydes & ketones is also used in?

A

Perfumes

44
Q

Introduced in 1921, and the first line fragrance to use synthetic organic chemicals. Also, the world’s 1st abstact fragrance & comprises more than 80 ingredients.

A

Chanel no. 5

45
Q

What is the purpose of aldehyde in chanel no. 5?

A

To heighten the scents & give an airy nature to the floral notes.

46
Q

Adjunct therapy in the symptomatic management of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; also a Benzophenone.

A

Tolcapone

47
Q

COMT meaning

A

catechol-O-methyltransferase

48
Q

COMT inhibitor or catalyze/metabolyze active catechols.

A

Tolcapone

49
Q

Primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease.

A

Levodopa/Carbidopa

50
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement

51
Q

Idiopathic meaning

A

cause is unknown

52
Q

Opioid analgesic indicated for management of severe pain that is not responsive to alternative treatments.

A

Methadone

53
Q

Synthetic opioid agonist for the management of chronic pain and for opioid dependence.

A

Methadone

54
Q

Advantage of synthetic opioid?

A

Less dependence

(because opioid is addictive)

55
Q

Methadone is also used to treat?

A

Heroin addiction

56
Q

Substances that are synthesized in a laboratory, not from a biological source.

A

Synthetic opioids

57
Q

Example of natural opioids?

A

Morphine
Codeine

58
Q

Analgesic

A

Pain relief

59
Q

Opioids are synthesized from?

A

opium poppy , (Papaver somniferum)

60
Q

Opium poppy biological source

A

Papaver somniferum

61
Q

Primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment; also used as a cold sterilant.

A

Glutaraldehyde

62
Q

Cold sterilant targets.

A

Heat sensitive instruments

63
Q

Used to preventing the painful and sometimes lethal vaso-occlusive crises associated with sickle cell disease.

A

Voxelotor

64
Q

HBS meaning

A

sickle cell hemoglobin

65
Q

What occurs when there are microcirculation obstructed by sickled RBCs causing ischemic injury to the organ causing pain?

A

lethal vaso-occlusive crises

66
Q

sickled cell shape

A

crescent , meaning it is not flexible unlike normal RBCs.

67
Q

ischemia meaning

A

lack of blood supply because blood flow is restricted so voxelotor prevents this phenomenon

68
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are easily reduced to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.

A
69
Q

Aldehyde can be reduced into?

A

1° Alcohol, can be further oxidized into COOH.

70
Q

Ketone can be reduced into?

A

2° Alcohol

71
Q

Reduction of carbonyl compounds.

A

Aldehyde - 1° ROH
Ketone - 2° ROH
no reaction - 3° ROH

(opposite of oxidation reaction)

72
Q

Most common metal hydrides used to reduce carbonyl compounds are?

A

lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄)
sodium borohydride (NaBH4)

73
Q

Oxidation of aldehydes gives a ___________ with the same number of carbon atoms.

A

carboxylic acid

74
Q

Oxidizing agents used for the oxidation of carbonyl compounds.

Because the reaction occurs easily, many oxidizing agents, such as will work.

A

KMnO4 - Potassium permanganate
CrO3 - Chromium trioxide
Ag2O - Silver (1) Oxide
Peracids (aka peroxyacid)

75
Q

Jones’ reagent oxidizes 2° ROH to?

A

Ketone

example:
2-propanol > Ketone

76
Q

Nucleophiles can be negatively charged or neutral.

A
77
Q

Examples of negatively charged nucleophiles.

A

Hydroxide
Hydride
Carbanion
Alkoxide
Cyanide

78
Q

Examples of neutral nucleophiles.

A

Water
Alcohol
NH3 (Ammonia)
Amine

79
Q

This attack the carbon atom of a carbon-oxygen double bond because that carbon has a partial positive charge.

A

Nucleophiles

80
Q

The overall reaction involves addition of a nucleophile and a proton across the pi bond of the carbonyl group (when carried out in alcohol or water).

A

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

81
Q

Grignard Reagents

A

RMgX

82
Q

R in RMgX can be?

A

Alkyl, allyl, vinyl & aryl

83
Q

Mg in RMgX serves as?

A

Lewis acid of the reaction

84
Q

X in RMgx stands for?

A

Halogen

85
Q

Grignard reagents act as ____________ toward carbonyl compounds.

A

carbon nucleophiles

86
Q

Main source of carbanion?

A

Grignards Reagent

87
Q

Aldehydes gives 2° ROH except?

A

Formaldehyde (gives 1° ROH)

under Grignards Reagent

88
Q

Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) forms?

A

Cyanohydrins > RCH(OH)C≡N

89
Q

He showed that cyanohydrin formation is said to be reversible and basecatalyzed.

A

Arthur Lapworth

90
Q

Basecatalyzed means?

A

strong base is used instead of acid

91
Q

Benzaldehyde cyanohydrin is also known as?

A

Mandelonitrile

92
Q

Alcohols add to the C=O bond, the OR group becoming attached to the carbon and the proton becoming attached to the oxygen.

A

Formation of Hemiacetals and Acetals

93
Q

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form, first, _______ and then, if excess alcohol is present, acetals.

A

hemiacetals

94
Q

Acetals can be called _______, if derived from Ketone.

A

Ketals

95
Q

Hemiacetals has _____ & ______ attached to the same carbon.

A

ether, alcohol

96
Q

This have two ether functions at the same carbon atom.

A

Acetals

97
Q

Organic compounds that have 2 hydroxyl groups on the same carbon atom.

Not stable, and will lose the H2O to reform the more stable carbonyl group.

A

Geminal Diols

98
Q

Nitrogen nucleophile

A

Ammonia (NH3)
Substituted Ammonia (NH2-Y)

99
Q

Used as an antipyretic before but it is found that it is toxic to blood cells, so it is now used to induce anemia to animal sudies.

A

Phenylhydrazine

PORG (16 decks)

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