ETHERS AND THIOLS Flashcards
Class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl (straight chain) or aryl (cyclic) groups.
Ethers
Ethers are similar in structure to _______ and both ethers and ________ are similar in structure to water.
alcohols
In an alcohol, 1 hydrogen atom of a water molecule is replaced by an alkyl group whereas in an ether both hydrogen atoms are replaced by ?
alkyl and aryl groups
If the alkyl substituents are identical, the ether is a ___________ ether.
symmetrical ether
If the substituents are different, the ether is an ____________ ether
unsymmetrical
If a carbon is connected to 2 carbons.
“Sec” is used
Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally ____ dense, are ____ soluble in water and have _____ boiling points.
less, lower
Ethers are relatively ________ and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oil, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums and hydrocarbons.
unreactive
________ of certain ethers are used as insecticides. Miticides and fumigants for soil.
Vapors
Fixed oils contain relatively high quantities of liquid glycerides (____________).
glyceryl oleate
Fats contain large amounts of solid glycerides (____________).
glyceryl stearate
These are esters of high molecular weight monohydric alcohols and high molecular weight fatty acids.
Waxes
These are natural or induced solid or semi-solid exudates from plants characterized by being insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, crystallizable and softening or melting at a moderate heat.
Resins
A viscous secretionof some trees and shrubs that hardens on drying but is soluble in water, and from which adhesives and other products are made.
Gum
These are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect.
Insecticides
Miticide, also called __________,any chemical substance used to control mites or ticks
Acaricide
These arepesticides that, when applied to soil, form a gas to control pests that live in the soil and can disrupt plant growth and crop production.
Soil fumigants
Alcohols undergo ______________ into ethers.
bimolecular dehydration
In the presence of acid, two molecules of an _______ may lose water to form an ether.
Alcohol
Dehydration is used commercially to produce ?
Diethyl ether
Most ethers can be cleaved, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give ____________ or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give __________.
alkyl bromides
alkyl iodides
Ethers are good solvents partly because they are not very _________.
Not very reactive
The spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
Autoxidation
Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form ___________ and ________________.
hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides
First used as a surgical anesthetic in 1842.
Ethyl ether/Diethyl ether/ ETHER
A halogenated inhalational anesthetic initially approved by the FDA in 1972. Since this date, it has been withdrawn from the US market
Enflurane
A lipid-lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride level in the blood. It belongs to the class of fibrates.
Clofibrate
It is used to treat coughs and congestion caused by the common cold, bronchitis, and other breathing illnesses.
Guaifenesin
A medication used as an expectorant, intended to help cough out phlegm from the airways.
Guaifenesin
Brand name of Guaifenesin
Robitussin®
3 Main Types of Cough Medication
- Expectorant (Guaifenesin)
- Cough Suppressant (Dextromethorphan HBr)
- Mucolytics
Cough suppressant - group of cough medications which work by stopping the urge to cough and reducing the times you cough.
Guaifenesin + Dextromethorphan HBr
Group of cough medications which work by stopping the urge to cough and reducing the times you cough.
Cough suppressants
Cough out phlehm from the airways
Expectorant
Stopping the urge to cough and reducing the times you cough
Cough suppressant
Medications that providers use to treat chronic lung and breathing conditions. They break up mucus in your lungs and make it easier to cough out.
-acetylcysteine, bromhexine, ambroxol and carbocisteine
Mucolytics
Examples of mucolytics
Acetylcysteine
Bromhexine
Ambroxol
Carbocisteine
Apotentpain-relieving drug, is the methyl ether ofmorphine. Because ether is highly flammable, it has largely been replaced by less-flammable anesthetics, includingnitrous oxide(N2O) andhalothane.
Codeine
Methyl ether of morphine
Codeine
It is a gasoline additive that boosts theoctane numberand reduces the amount of nitrogen-oxide pollutants in the exhaust.
Methylt-butyl ether (MTBE)
At most retail gasoline stations, three octane grades are offered,87 (regular), 89 (mid-grade), and 91-93 (premium). At most retail gasoline stations, three octane grades are offered,87 (regular), 89 (mid-grade), and 91-93 (premium). The higher the octane number, the more resistant the gasoline mixture is to knock.
A standard measure of a fuel’s ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without detonating.
octane rating / octane number
Are sulfur analogs of alcohols.
Thiols
Thiols are referred to as _________.
mercaptans
Thiols used to be called MERCAPTANS because they form strong complexes with heavy metal cations such as ____________ (they capture mercury).
mercury and arsenic
Odorous principles in the scent of SKUNKS and of freshly chopped onions.
Thiols
Their presence in petroleum andnatural gasis objectionable because they have DISAGREEABLE ODOURS, interfere withcatalystsused in refining processes, and producesulfur dioxideupon combustion.
Thiols
Thiol any of a class of organic chemicalcompoundssimilar to the alcohols and phenols but containing a_______atom in place of the oxygen atom.
sulfuratom
A number of thiols are found in nature.
Cysteine and Glutathione
Thiols are named by adding the suffix “______” to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
thiol
If there is a second functional group in the molecule, the SH group can be indicated by its substituent name, “________.”
Like other substituent names, it is cited before the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
mercapto
These are analogues of ethers.
Thioethers OR Sulfides
Thioethers have the general formula ‘_______’ where R and R’ are alkyl groups. Where the alkyl groups may be same or different.
R-S-R
The functional group in thioethers is ?
-S
Thioethers could be considered as derived from ____________.
hydrogen sulfides
Physical Properties of Thioethers
- unpleasant smell
- colorless oily liquids
- insoluble in H2O
- soluble in ethers & alcohols
- higher BP than to those of corresponding ethers
Used to prevent and treat symptoms of heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach.
Cimetidine Tagamet (TM)
Cimetidine is in a class of medications called_________. It decreases the amount of acid made in the stomach.
H2blockers
Is used to treat ulcers; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Cimetidine
GERD meaning
gastroesophageal reflux disease
A condition in which backward flow of acid from the stomach causes heartburn and injury of the food pipe (esophagus); and conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A rare digestive disorder that results in too much gastric acid. This excess gastric acid can cause peptic ulcers in your stomach and intestine.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
