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PORG > AMINES > Flashcards

AMINES Flashcards

1
Q

Amines are compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by _____ groups.

A

alkyl groups

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2
Q

Smaller amines are characterized by their?

A

Fishy odors

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3
Q

Characteristic of fermented shark, a traditional dish in Iceland.

A

Ammonia-rich smell

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4
Q

The Greenlands shark which is the prime meat used to produce Icelandic fermented shark is ______ while fresh.

A

Poisonous

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5
Q

The prime meat is poisonous while fresh due to?

A

High content of urea and trimethylamine oxide in the shark’s system

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6
Q

In order for the shark meat to be consumed orally, it should be?

A

Fermented

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7
Q

Primary Amine

A

1 R group, 2 Hydrogen

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8
Q

Secondary Amine

A

2 R groups, 1 Hydrogen

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9
Q

Tertiary Amine

A

3 R groups, No Hydrogen

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10
Q

Amine that is cyclic without double bonds

A

Pyrrolidine

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11
Q

Amine that is cyclic with double bonds

A

Pyrrole

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12
Q

Amine that is cyclic with 5 carbons

A

Piperidine

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13
Q

Amine that is cyclic with alternating and single double bonds

A

Pyridine

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14
Q

Amine that is directly attached to the benzene ring

A

Aniline

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15
Q

DNA & RNA comprises of different?

A

Nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

3 Pyrimidine bases

A

PYRCUT

PYRimidine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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17
Q

Cytosine can be found on?

A

DNA & RNA

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18
Q

Uracil can be found on?

A

RNA only

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19
Q

Thymine can be found on?

A

DNA only

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20
Q

DNA stands for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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21
Q

RNA stands for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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22
Q

2 Purine bases

A

(PURGA)

PURine

Guanine
Adenine

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23
Q

Both guanine & adenine can be found on?

A

DNA & RNA

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24
Q

Simple amine with how many Carbons are completely / appreciably soluble in water?

A

5-6 Carbons

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25
Q

The boiling points of the compounds in a homologous series of ethers, alkyl halides, alcohols, and amines increase with increasing _____________.

A

molecular weight.

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26
Q

Primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than _______ with similar molecular weights.

A

alkanes

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27
Q

An _______ has a lower boiling point than an alcohol with a similar molecular weight.

A

amine

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28
Q

This refer generally to all organic compounds that contain a catechol nucleus (ortho-dihydroxybenzene) and an ethylamine group.

A

Catecholamines

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29
Q

catechol nucleus

A

ortho-dihydroxybenzene

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30
Q

Examples of catecholamines

A

Epinephrine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine

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31
Q

These drugs aremedications that stimulate certain nerves in your body.

A

Adrenergic drugs

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32
Q

2 Mechanism of Adrenergic Drugs

A
  1. By mimicking the action of the chemical messengers epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  2. By stimulating their release.
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33
Q

Adrenergic means _______________ (or on their receptors). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.)

A

working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

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34
Q

Other name for Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

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35
Q

Other name for Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenaline

36
Q

AKA ADRENALINE isa hormone and neurotransmitter used to treat allergic reactions, to restore cardiac rhythm.

A

Epinephrine

37
Q

Use of Epinephrine

A

To treat Allergic Reactions
To restore Cardiac Rhythm

38
Q

Use of Epinephrine in Allergic Reaction

A

For severe allergic reactions which lead to hypotension, epinephrinehelps to INCREASE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH VEINS by CONSTRICTING BLOOD VESSELS. By binding to receptors on smooth muscles of the lungs, epinephrine helps to RELAX the MUSCLES blocking the airways and allows BREATHING to RETURN to NORMAL.

39
Q

Use of Epinephrine in Restoring Cardiac Rhythm

A

In the heart, itINCREASES the RATE and FORCE of CONTRACTION, thus INCREASING the output of blood and raising blood pressure.

40
Q

Norepinephrine AKA Noradrenaline isa naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a ____________ and _____________(a substance that sends signals between nerve cells).

A

stress hormone
neurotransmitter

41
Q

Norepinephrine is released into the BLOOD as a _____________ when the brain perceives that a stressful event has occurred.

A

stress hormone

42
Q

Increases alertness, arousal and attention. Constricts blood vessels, which helps maintain blood pressure in times of stress. Affects your SLEEP-WAKE cycle, mood.

A

Norepinephrine

43
Q

A substance that sends signals between nerve cells.

A

Neurotransmitter

44
Q

Vasoconstriction also helps to maintain ________ in times of stress.

A

blood pressure

45
Q

Norepinephrine effect in SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE

A

Increases sleep by EXCITING A SUBSET OF NEURONS IN the VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus in the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS is the major area of the brain that controls sleep induction and maintenance.)

46
Q

VLPO meaning

A

ventrolateral preoptic

47
Q

The major area of the brain that controls SLEEP INDUCTION and MAINTENANCE.

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

Norepinephrine effect FOR MOOD

A

It has been shown to play a role in a person’s mood and ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE.

49
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine may lead to conditions such as ?

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) & depression

50
Q

Dopamine is a _________________ that plays several important roles in cells.

A

neuromodulatory molecule

51
Q

It plays a role in many important body functions, includingmovement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation.

52
Q

High or low levels of __________ are associated with several mental health and neurological diseases.

53
Q

Dopamine can providean intense feeling of __________. Dopamine is most notably involved in helping us feel pleasure as part of the brain’s reward systemic.

54
Q

Compounds lacking catechol hydroxyl groups.

A

Non-catecholamines

55
Q

Examples of non-catecholamines

A

Phenylephrine
Ephedrine
Amphetamine

56
Q

A decongestant that is used to treat stuffy nose and sinus congestion caused by the common cold, hay fever, or other allergies.

A

Phenylephrine

57
Q

Phenylephrine is an agonist of ______________.

A

α1-adrenoceptors

58
Q

Nasal decongestant action is mediated byactivation of α1-adrenoceptors in the arterioles of the ______________.

A

nasal mucosa

59
Q

Nasal decongestant action is mediated byactivation of α1-adrenoceptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa. This causes ______________, which leads to DECREASED EDEMA and INCREASE DRAINAGE of the SINUS CAVITIES.

A

vasoconstriction

60
Q

Common OTC drugs that has Phenylephrine

A
  • Neozep ®
    (Neozep Forte, Neozep Non-drowsy)
  • Bioflu ®
61
Q

This Neozep contains Phenylephrine HCl, Chlorphenamine Maleate and Paracetamol.

A

Neozep®Forte

62
Q

This Neozep contains Phenylephrine HCl and Paracetamol, has NO Chlorphenamine Maleate.

A

Neozep® Non-drowsy

63
Q

This is a nasal decongestant clears obstructed air passages and nasal sinuses due to congestion making breathing easier. It also reduces postnasal drip.

A

Phenylephrine HCl

64
Q

This is an anti-allergy, relieves symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes.

A

Chlorphenamine Maleate,

65
Q

This is an effective fever reducer and pain reliever.

A

Paracetamol

66
Q

Ephedrine isa prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of ________________ during anesthesia (Hypotension).

A

symptoms of low blood pressure

67
Q

The principal mechanism of Ephedrine action of relies on itsindirect simulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the ________________.

A

postsynaptic α and β receptors

68
Q

A= ALPHA = ________
B=BETA = _______ (heart-b1), ________ (lungs-b2)

1= _______
2= _______

B2 agonist = ________
A1 agonist = ______________________ = reducing nasal congestion

A

ALPHA = Arteries
BETA = Beats, Breaths

1 = constrict
2 = dilate

B2 agonist = asthma
A1 agonist = constriction of blood vessels & shrinkage of swollen nasal mucous membrane

69
Q

Amphetamine is contracted from _______________?

A

alpha-methylphenethylamine

70
Q

Amphetamine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of ?

A
  • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • narcolepsy
  • obesity
71
Q

A central nervous (CNS) system stimulant that functions byincreasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (to a lesser extent).

A

Amphetamine

72
Q

This is a central nervous system stimulants that work to restore imbalance of the brain byincreasing mental alertness and improving the ability to focus. HENCE treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy.

A

Amphetamine Salts

73
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders -trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

74
Q

Person to suddenly fall asleep at inappropriate times.

A

Narcolepsy

75
Q

This is also used for obesity, they work in the brain to reduce appetite and increase locomotion or stamina

A

Amphetamine

76
Q

This work byenhancing a very important neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) at the GABA A receptor. This results in the sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties for which the drugs are prescribed.

A

Benzodiazepine

77
Q

GABA meaning

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

78
Q

This receptors occur throughout the cortex and limbic system in the brain, and act to inhibit neuronal activity.

A

GABA receptors

79
Q

Approved to prevent and control partial seizure.

A

Gabapentin

80
Q

Medicine foranxiety, muscle spasms and seizures.

81
Q

Medicine for panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizure.

A

Benzodiazepine

82
Q

A short-acting benzodiazepine commonly used to treat panic disorders, severe anxiety, and seizures.

83
Q

This is indicated to treat hypertension, to treat and prevent chest pain (angina).

84
Q

Verapamil isa type of medicine called a _______________. If you have high blood pressure, these medicines work by blocking calcium going into muscles in the heart and blood vessels. Muscles need calcium to contract, so when you block the calcium, it makes the muscles relax.

A

calcium channel blocker

85
Q

This is usedto lower hyperuricemia (high uric acid in the blood) in patients with gout who have been treated with allopurinol that did not work well or cannot be treated with allopurinol. This medicine is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. It works by causing less uric acid to be produced by the body.

A

Febuxostat

86
Q

If allopurinol is not effective, what is used?

A

Febuxostat

PORG (16 decks)

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