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PORG > ALKYL HALIDES > Flashcards

ALKYL HALIDES Flashcards

1
Q

Chlorine- and bromine-containing natural products have been isolated from various species that live in the sea -sponges, mollusks, and other ocean creatures that adapted to their environment by metabolizing inorganic chlorides and bromides that are prevalent there.

A

Sources of Alkyl Halides

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2
Q

R-X, where R is an alkyl group and X is F, Cl, Br, or I.

A

Structure of Alkyl Halides

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3
Q

Can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the degree of substitution at the carbon to which the halogen is attached.

A

Alkyl Halides

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4
Q

Compounds with halogen atom.

A

Alkyl Halides

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5
Q

sp3 bond

A

single bond

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6
Q

other name of alkyl halides

A

haloalkane

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7
Q

The boiling points of ethyl halides ______ as the atomic number of the halogen increases.

A

increase

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8
Q

_______ is the least polarizable of the halogens.

(but is the most electronegative)

A

Fluorine

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9
Q

_____ is the most polarizable of the halogens.

A

Iodine

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10
Q

An increased __________ is associated with stronger intermolecular attractive forces of the London dispersion type and therefore with an increased boiling point.

A

polarizability

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11
Q

It indicates how readily an electron cloud can be distorted.

A

Polarizability

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12
Q

The larger the atom, the _________ it holds the electrons.

A

more loosely

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13
Q

The more polarizable the atom is, the stronger the ___________ interaction.

A

Van der Waals’ Forces

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14
Q

alkyl + halogen suffix

A

ide

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15
Q

least bp in all halogen to highest, in order

A

H > F > Cl > Br > I

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16
Q

Multiple halogen substitution tends to (increase/decrease) the boiling point of the alkyl halide.

A

increase

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17
Q

Multiple halogen substitution tends to increase the boiling point.

However, as the number of Fluorine atoms increases, its boiling point ______.

A

decreases

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18
Q

Boiling Point is directly proportional to?

A

Van der Waals’ Forces

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19
Q

While the force of attraction increases, (higher/lower) temperature is required.

A

higher

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20
Q

Alkyl halides have some _________, but only the alkyl fluorides have an atom that can form a hydrogen bond with water.

A

polar character

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21
Q

What is the most water soluble among alkyl halides?

A

Alkyl fluorides

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22
Q

The other alkyl halides are _____ soluble in water than ethers or alcohols with the same number of carbons.

A

less

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23
Q

Increase length of hydrocarbon, it will become (polar/nonpolar)?

A

nonpolar

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24
Q

In a substitution reaction, the electronegative atom or group is ______ by another atom or group.

A

replaced

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25
Q

In an elimination reaction, the electronegative atom or group is _________, along with a hydrogen from an adjacent carbon.

A

eliminated

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26
Q

The atom or group that is substituted or eliminated in these reactions.

A

Leaving group

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27
Q

What is substituted to the leaving group?

A

Nucleophile

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28
Q

This form bonds by donating an electron pair.

A

Nucleophile

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29
Q

This causes alkyl halides to undergo substitution and elimination reactions.

A

polar carbon-halogen bond

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30
Q

In the polar carbon-halogen bond, carbon is partially ______ while halogen is partially ______.

A

Carbon - partially positive
Halogen - partially negative

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31
Q

In the polar carbon-halogen bond, induction arrow is pointed to halogen because of the ?

A

Electronegativity

32
Q

What is the most electronegative halogen?

33
Q

What is the least polarizable halogen?

34
Q

What is the least electronegative halogen?

35
Q

What is the most polarizible halogen?

36
Q

Regardless of the mechanism by which a substitution reaction occurs, it is called a ________________ because a nucleophile substitutes for the halogen.

A

nucleophilic substitution reaction

37
Q

The reaction of methyl bromide with hydroxide ion is an example of an S2 reaction, where “S” stands for ___________, “N” for ________, and “2” for _________.

A

S = substitution
N = nucleophilic
2 = bimolecular

38
Q

This means that two molecules are involved in the rate-determining step.

A

Bimolecular

39
Q

most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an SN2 reacrion

A

methyl halide > 1° alkyl halide > 2° alkyl halide > 3º alkyl halide

40
Q

Many different kinds of nucleophiles can react with alkyl halides. Therefore, a wide variety of organic compounds can be synthesized by means of ?

A

SN2 reactions

41
Q

In bimolecular reaction, rate depends on the concentrations of the ____ reactants.

42
Q

The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and water is an SN1 reaction, where “S” stands for ___________, “N” stands for _________, and “1” stands for ________.

A

S = substitution
N = nucleophilic
1 = unimolecular

43
Q

dependent on conentration of molecule

A

SN1 reaction

44
Q

dependent on concentration of nucleophile

A

SN2 reaction

45
Q

most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an SN1 reaction

A

3º alkyl halide > 2º alkyl halide > 1º alkyl halide

46
Q

In an __________ reaction, groups are eliminated from a reactant.

A

elimination

47
Q

A _______ bond is formed between the two carbons from which the atoms are eliminated.

48
Q

Therefore, the product of an elimination reaction is an _______.

49
Q

The reaction of tert-butyl bromide with hydroxide ion is an example of an ?

A

E2 reaction

50
Q

In E2 reaction, “E” stands for _________ and “2” stands for bimolecular

A

E = elimination
2 = bimolecular

51
Q

Removal of a proton and a halide ion.

A

Dehydrohalogenation

52
Q

Carbon that has halogen to which the halogen is attached.

A

Alphacarbon

53
Q

Carbon that is adjacent to alphacarbon.

A

Betacarbon

54
Q

E2 reaction is also known as?

A

Beta elimination reaction
1,2 elimination reaction

55
Q

most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an E2 reacrion

A

RI > RBr > RCI > RF

(alkyl iodide > alkyl bromide > alkyl chloride > aklyl fluoride)

56
Q

The reaction of tert-butyl bromide with water to form 2-methyl-propene is an example of an ?

A

E1 reaction

57
Q

“E” stands for _________ and “1” stands for ___________.

A

E = elimination
1 = unimolecular

58
Q

There is an formation of _________ in E1 reaction.

A

carbocation

59
Q

In E1 reaction, deprotonation occurs in the ?

60
Q

most reactive to least reactive alkyl halides in an E1 reaction

A

RI > RBr > RCI > RF

(but increasing reactivity from RF to RI)

61
Q

Several naturally occurring halogen-containing substances have pharmaceutical applications. An example is the antibiotic CHLORAMPHENICOL produced by _____________.

A

Streptomyces venezuelae

62
Q

Chloramphenicol use ?

A

an antibiotic, used for the treatment bacterial eye infection

; works by stopping the growth of bacteria

63
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria.

64
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria.

65
Q

Characterized by 3; abdominal distention, hemodynamic collapse, and ASHEN-GRAY SKIN DISCOLORATION.

A

gray baby syndrome

66
Q

Common adverse effect/reaction of Chloramphenicol to Neonates.

A

Gray Baby Syndrome

67
Q

Most prominent manifestation of Chloramphenicol

A

Ashen-Gray Skin Discoloration

68
Q

Halazone use

A

Disinfect drinking water

69
Q

Iodoquinol use

A

Amebicide (treat ‘amoebiasis’, intestinal illness caused by Entamoeba hystolytica)

70
Q

Iodoquinol is also known as

A

Diiodohydroxyquinoline

71
Q

Clofazimine use

A

For lepromatous leprosy; for dapsone-resistant

72
Q

Chloroquine, Hydroxycholoroquine use

A

antimalarial (treats ‘malaria’, Plasmodium parasite)

73
Q

Malaria is from bites of FEMALE mosquitos or ?

A

Anopheles Mosquito

74
Q

Where is malaria endemic?

A

Africa & Palawan

75
Q

Halothane use

A

General anesthetic agent / general anesthesia

PORG (16 decks)

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