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Block 5 > Phys: Intro And Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Phys: Intro And Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

The study of functions of living organisms

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2
Q

Two approaches to explain body functions:

A

-emphasis on purpose of body functions (meeting a bodily need)
-emphasis on mechanism (cause and effect sequences)

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A

-molecular/cellular
-tissue/organ
-organism/body system

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
**does not mean unchanging!!

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5
Q

Homeostasis is essential for ____________ and _____________ of all cells

A

Survival and function

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6
Q

Factors homeostatically regulated:

A

-[ ] of nutrient molecules
- [ ] of O2 and CO2
-[ ] of waste products
-pH
-[ ] of water, salt, and other electrolytes
-volume and pressure
-temperature

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7
Q

In order to maintain homeostasis, control system must be able to:

A

-detect deviation in the normal
-integrate this info with other relevant info
-make appropriate adjustments to restore

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8
Q

Two classes of control systems:

A

-intrinsic controls
-extrinsic controls

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9
Q

Intrinsic controls

A

Local controls that are inherent in an organ

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10
Q

Extrinsic controls

A

-regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
-accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

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11
Q

Feedforward

A

Term used for responses made in anticipation of a change

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12
Q

Feedback

A

-Responses made after change has been detected
-negative and positive systems

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13
Q

Negative feedback systems

A

-primary type of homeostatic control
-oppose initial change
-3 components: sensor, control center, effector

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14
Q

Sensor in negative feedback system

A

Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable

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15
Q

Control center in negative feedback system

A

Compares sensor’s input with a set point

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16
Q

Effector in negative feedback system

A

Makes a response to produce a desired effect

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17
Q

Positive feedback system

A

-amplifies initial change
-does NOT occur as often as negative feedback
-ex. Uterine contractions becoming stronger until baby is born

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18
Q

Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to:

A

-illness and death
-pathophysiology (abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease)

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Common clinical problem that is most often due to impaired urinary potassium excretion due to acute or chronic kidney disease or drugs that inhibit renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis

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20
Q

Most serious problems associated with hyperkalemia:

A

-muscle weakness or paralysis
-cardiac conduction abnormalities

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21
Q

Fluid lipid bilayer is embedded with ________

A

-Proteins (mostly phospholipids: polar end hydrophilic, non-polar end hydrophobic)

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22
Q

Cell membrane is a…

A

Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins

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23
Q

Lipid bilayer has small amounts of ___________ on the outer surface and ______________ tucked between the phospholipid molecules

A

Carbohydrates, cholesterol

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24
Q

Cholesterol in the lipid bilayer contributes to ____________ and ______________ of the cell membrane

A

Fluidity and stability

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25
Q

Lipids on the cell membrane:

A

-barrier to water and water-soluble substances
-organized in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules

26
Q

What can diffuse across the cell membrane?

A

-small, non-polar solutes can diffuse across (O2, CO2, ethanol, steroid hormones)

27
Q

Proteins within the cell membrane:

A

-provide specificity to the membrane
-defined by the mode of association with lipids (integral and peripheral)

28
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Channels, pores, carriers, and enzymes embedded within the membrane

29
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Enzymes and signal mediators only associated with the outer layer of the membrane

30
Q

Unassisted membrane transports:

A

-diffusion
-osmosis

31
Q

Assisted membrane transports:

A

-carrier-mediated transport
-facilitated transport
-active transport

32
Q

Diffusion characteristics:

A

-occurs down a concentration gradient (higher to lower [ ] )
-through lipid bilayer by channel or carrier
-no additional energy required

33
Q

Active transport characteristics:

A

-occurs against a concentration gradient
-involves a protein carrier
-requires energy (ATP)

34
Q

Sometimes, transport through a channel protein can be referred to as __________________ instead of simple diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion

35
Q

Channel proteins:

A

-aquaporins
-aquaglyceroporins
-ion channels

36
Q

Simple diffusion with lipid-soluble molecules

A

Move readily across cell membranes (rate depends on lipid solubility)

37
Q

Simple diffusion with water-soluble molecules

A

Cross cell membranes via channels or other transport proteins

38
Q

Characteristic of carrier-mediated transport are:

A

Saturation, stereospecificity, and competition

39
Q

Rate of diffusion is limited by ______of carrier protein

A

-Vmax (units are pmol/min/mg protein
**adding more carriers does NOT affect Vmax

40
Q

When a protein carrier is saturated, the rate of transport is __________

A

Maximal

41
Q

Saturation occurs when…

A

The [ ] of a solute is > than the number of available transporters can handle

42
Q

Movement against a concentration gradient requires…

A

An additional source of energy besides kinetic energy

43
Q

Primary active transport

A

Molecules are pumped against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of ATP
**direct use of energy

44
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Transport driven by the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na+)
**indirect use of energy

45
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase characteristics:

A

-located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells
-pumps Na ions out of cells and pumps K into cells against electrochemical gradient
-critical role in regulating osmotic balance

46
Q

Sodium/ potassium pump is activated by..

A

An increase in cell volume

47
Q

Sodium/potassium pimp requires about _____ of typical cell’s energy and up to ___ of neuron’s energy

A

1/5 , 2/3

48
Q

Inhibition of sodium/potassium pump by ________ causes cell to…

A

Ouabain, swell and burst

49
Q

What activates the ATPase in the sodium/potassium pump?

A

-When 2K+ bind on outside of carrier protein and 3Na+ bind in th inside
-*this causes cleavage of one Pi (ATP to ADP)

50
Q

The cleaved phosphate then sodium and potassium bind causes…

A

A chemical and conformational change in the protein carrier molecule releasing the 3 Na to the outside and 2 K to the inside

51
Q

The Na/K transport is ___________

A

Electrogenic

52
Q

The electrogenic nature of the pump contributes less than ____ to the membrane potential

A

10%

53
Q

Ca2+ ATPase is located on the….

A

cell membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers

54
Q

SERCA

A

Name for the sarcoplasmic and endolpasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase

55
Q

Ca2+ ATPase maintains a __________ Ca2+ concentration

A

Low cytosolic

56
Q

H+ ATPase is found in…

A

Parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretions) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)

57
Q

H+ ATPase concentrates H+ ions up to ____________

A

1 million-fold

58
Q

Protein co-transporters in secondary active trasnport:

A

Symporters and antiporters

59
Q

Symporters

A

Transport substance in same direction as a “driver” ion

60
Q

Antiporters

A

Transport substance in opposite direction of a “driver” ion

Block 5 (13 decks)

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