Immuno: Into To Immunity And Inflammation Flashcards by Bella Forster

What is immunology?

Science that studies how the body protects itself against pathogens

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Different pathogens:

-bacteria
-viruses
-protozoa
-fungi
-parasites

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Immunity

The body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells

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Three functions of the immune system:

Protect from pathogens
Discriminate between self and non-self cells
To eliminate abnormal cells

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Two types of pathogens:

Intracellular and extracellular

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Major histocompatability complex (MHC) is also known as…

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

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The MHC or HLA function:

-identifies “self” to immune cells
-presents foreign antigens to immune cells

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Class I MHC location and function

-All nucleated human cells
-presents processed antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target virus infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted cells

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Class II MHC location and function

-located in antigen presenting cells(macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
-presents foreign antigens processed antigenic fragments to CD4+ T cells for effective interaction among immune cells

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Three R’s of the immune system function

Recognize the “intruder”
Respond to eliminate or neutralize the threat
Remember to enable quicker response in future encounters

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Pathogens

Disease-causing microorganism

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antigen (Ag)

Foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response

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________ are covered with antigens

Microbes

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Antibody (Ab)

Immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to foreign Ag

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Types of Lymphocytes

-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes

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B lymphocytes

-plasma cells make antibodies specific to each Ag
-termed Ab-mediated immunity

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Types of T lymphocytes

-cytotoxic lymphocytes
-T-helper lymphocytes

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Cytotoxic lymphocytes

Attack infected/mutant/foreign cells (Tc/CD-8)

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T-helper lymphocytes

Regulate immune response (Tc/CD-4)

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Phagocytes (wha they are and the two types)

-cells that kills and eat
-macrophages and neutrophils

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Macrophages

-antigen presenting cells
-Cells that ingest pathogen adn cellular debris and presents to helper T (Th) cells
-activate specific immunity

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Neutrophils

-non-antigen presenting
-ingests protein and cellular debris but does NOT present antigens to Th-cells

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Function of macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells

Phagocytosis

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Function of eosinophils

Killing certain parasites involved in allergies

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Function of T cells

Cell-mediated immunity

Function of B cells

Humoral immunity *plasma cells produce antibodies

Function of platelets

Blood clotting

CD4+ TH1-cells activate…

Macrophages and CD8 cells

CD4+ TH2-cells activate…

B cells to produce antibodies

CD8+ T-cells are…

Cytotoxic

General antigen presenting cell (APC) characteristics:

-found in all cells -present antigen found inside the cell using MHC class 1 -interacts with CD8+ Tcells (cytotoxic T cells)

Professional antigen presenting cell (APC) characteristics:

-found in Bcells, macrophages, and dendritic cells -present antigens found outside the cell via MHC class II -interface with CD4+ T cells (helper T cells)

Macrophages are called ______ in liver

Kuppfer cells

Macrophages are called ____________ cells in skin, lymph nodes, conjunctiva, and cornea

Langerhans cells

The body’s defense:

-non-specific barriers -non-specific cellular -specific immunity

Non-specific barriers

-1st line of defense -skin, mucus, HCl

Non-specific cellular

-1st line of defense -**innate immunity -phagocytosis, inflammation, complementary proteins, fever

Specific immunity

-2nd line of defense -**adaptive immunity -antibodies, B cells, T cells

Innate immune system structural defenses respond to…

Non-specific foreign substances

Innate immunity is the ______ line of defense

First

Inflammation is a…

Non-specific, defensive response to tissue damage

4 hallmarks of inflammation:

1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain

Redness, heat, and swelling during inflammation is caused by..

Histamine causing vasodilation and capillary leakage

Pain in inflammation is caused by…

Neural receptor stimulated by Kinins

Five steps to inflammation:

1. Initial phagocytosis 2. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable 3. Foreign matter contained 4. More leukocytes ingrate to area 5. Leukocytes clear infection

Capillaries dilate and become more permeable due to…

Histamine released from mast cells

Function of inflammations:

1. Deliver effector compounds and cells to infection site 2. Provide physical barrier to prevent spread of infection to bloodstream 3. Promotes repair of injured tissue

Mechanism of compliment proteins:

-Lyse bacteria and some viruses -initiate inflammation by stimulating histamine release -chemotaxis -opsonin

Chemotaxis

Recruit/activate phagocytic cells

Opsonin

Enhances phagocytosis

Mechanism of lactoferrin and transferrin

Compete with bacteria for ion

Mechanism of lysozyme

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

Complement proteins are a group of ______ proteins produced by the ______

About 30, liver

Actions of complement proteins when activated:

1. Pokes holes in bacteria via MAC attack 2. Stimulate histamine release 3. Chemotaxis 4. Opsinization

“MAC” stands for:

Membrane attack complex

Histamine release initiates…

Inflammation

Three complement pathways:

1. Alternative pathway 2. Lectin pathway 3. Classical pathway

The pathway(s) apart of innate immunity:

-alternative pathway -lectin pathway

Pathway(s) part of adaptive immunity:

-classical pathway

All three compliment pathways act on..

C3a or C3b

C3a is involved in…

Inflammation

C3b is involved in….

Opsonization and phagocytosis

C3a is involved in…

Inflammation

C5b combines with ________ and is involved in…

C6-9, lysis of microbe

Primary immune response

-occurs days-weeks after first exposure -antibody response is not long lived -illness symptoms occur -B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies -TH cells and Tc involved in cell mediated response

Secondary immune response:

-subsequent exposure that occurs within hours-days -greater magnitude and more prolonged reponse -occurs due to memory cells

IgM

Immunoglobulin seen in primary immune response that is slower and weaker

IgG

Immunoglobulin seen in secondary immune response that is stronger and faster

High [ ] of IgG means that..

There has been a previous infection or person has been immunized

Active immunity :

-Long-lasting protection (memory) -multiple effector mechanisms activated -lag time

Passive immunity:

-rapid protection -short duration

In active immunity the individual…

Actively produces their own antibodies and it requires exposure to infectious agent (immunization with altered agent or natural infection)

In passive immunity the individual…

Receives exogenous antibodies and does not confer to long-term immunity (mother-child via placenta or breast milk, and immunization with antibodies)

Herd immunity

Vaccinating part of the population to protect unvaccinated members of the population

What percent of population should be vaccinated to protect the “herd”

85%

Herd immunity does not protect against all vaccine-preventable diseases because…

Some diseases are caused by bacteria from the environment

People who depend on herd immunity:

-chemo patients -people infected with HIV -newborn babies -elderly people