Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 5 > Immuno: Into To Immunity And Inflammation > Flashcards

Immuno: Into To Immunity And Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

Science that studies how the body protects itself against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Different pathogens:

A

-bacteria
-viruses
-protozoa
-fungi
-parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three functions of the immune system:

A
  1. Protect from pathogens
  2. Discriminate between self and non-self cells
  3. To eliminate abnormal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two types of pathogens:

A

Intracellular and extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major histocompatability complex (MHC) is also known as…

A

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The MHC or HLA function:

A

-identifies “self” to immune cells
-presents foreign antigens to immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Class I MHC location and function

A

-All nucleated human cells
-presents processed antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target virus infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Class II MHC location and function

A

-located in antigen presenting cells(macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
-presents foreign antigens processed antigenic fragments to CD4+ T cells for effective interaction among immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three R’s of the immune system function

A
  1. Recognize the “intruder”
  2. Respond to eliminate or neutralize the threat
  3. Remember to enable quicker response in future encounters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-causing microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

Foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ are covered with antigens

A

Microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

Immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to foreign Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A

-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

B lymphocytes

A

-plasma cells make antibodies specific to each Ag
-termed Ab-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of T lymphocytes

A

-cytotoxic lymphocytes
-T-helper lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytotoxic lymphocytes

A

Attack infected/mutant/foreign cells (Tc/CD-8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T-helper lymphocytes

A

Regulate immune response (Tc/CD-4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phagocytes (wha they are and the two types)

A

-cells that kills and eat
-macrophages and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Macrophages

A

-antigen presenting cells
-Cells that ingest pathogen adn cellular debris and presents to helper T (Th) cells
-activate specific immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrophils

A

-non-antigen presenting
-ingests protein and cellular debris but does NOT present antigens to Th-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Killing certain parasites involved in allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of T cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of B cells

A

Humoral immunity
*plasma cells produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of platelets

A

Blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CD4+ TH1-cells activate…

A

Macrophages and CD8 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CD4+ TH2-cells activate…

A

B cells to produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CD8+ T-cells are…

A

Cytotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

General antigen presenting cell (APC) characteristics:

A

-found in all cells
-present antigen found inside the cell using MHC class 1
-interacts with CD8+ Tcells (cytotoxic T cells)

32
Q

Professional antigen presenting cell (APC) characteristics:

A

-found in Bcells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
-present antigens found outside the cell via MHC class II
-interface with CD4+ T cells (helper T cells)

33
Q

Macrophages are called ______ in liver

A

Kuppfer cells

34
Q

Macrophages are called ____________ cells in skin, lymph nodes, conjunctiva, and cornea

A

Langerhans cells

35
Q

The body’s defense:

A

-non-specific barriers
-non-specific cellular
-specific immunity

36
Q

Non-specific barriers

A

-1st line of defense
-skin, mucus, HCl

37
Q

Non-specific cellular

A

-1st line of defense
-**innate immunity
-phagocytosis, inflammation, complementary proteins, fever

38
Q

Specific immunity

A

-2nd line of defense
-**adaptive immunity
-antibodies, B cells, T cells

39
Q

Innate immune system structural defenses respond to…

A

Non-specific foreign substances

40
Q

Innate immunity is the ______ line of defense

A

First

41
Q

Inflammation is a…

A

Non-specific, defensive response to tissue damage

42
Q

4 hallmarks of inflammation:

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
43
Q

Redness, heat, and swelling during inflammation is caused by..

A

Histamine causing vasodilation and capillary leakage

44
Q

Pain in inflammation is caused by…

A

Neural receptor stimulated by Kinins

45
Q

Five steps to inflammation:

A
  1. Initial phagocytosis
  2. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
  3. Foreign matter contained
  4. More leukocytes ingrate to area
  5. Leukocytes clear infection
46
Q

Capillaries dilate and become more permeable due to…

A

Histamine released from mast cells

47
Q

Function of inflammations:

A
  1. Deliver effector compounds and cells to infection site
  2. Provide physical barrier to prevent spread of infection to bloodstream
  3. Promotes repair of injured tissue
48
Q

Mechanism of compliment proteins:

A

-Lyse bacteria and some viruses
-initiate inflammation by stimulating histamine release
-chemotaxis
-opsonin

49
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Recruit/activate phagocytic cells

50
Q

Opsonin

A

Enhances phagocytosis

51
Q

Mechanism of lactoferrin and transferrin

A

Compete with bacteria for ion

52
Q

Mechanism of lysozyme

A

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

53
Q

Complement proteins are a group of ______ proteins produced by the ______

A

About 30, liver

54
Q

Actions of complement proteins when activated:

A
  1. Pokes holes in bacteria via MAC attack
  2. Stimulate histamine release
  3. Chemotaxis
  4. Opsinization
55
Q

“MAC” stands for:

A

Membrane attack complex

56
Q

Histamine release initiates…

A

Inflammation

57
Q

Three complement pathways:

A
  1. Alternative pathway
  2. Lectin pathway
  3. Classical pathway
58
Q

The pathway(s) apart of innate immunity:

A

-alternative pathway
-lectin pathway

59
Q

Pathway(s) part of adaptive immunity:

A

-classical pathway

60
Q

All three compliment pathways act on..

A

C3a or C3b

61
Q

C3a is involved in…

A

Inflammation

62
Q

C3b is involved in….

A

Opsonization and phagocytosis

63
Q

C3a is involved in…

A

Inflammation

64
Q

C5b combines with ________ and is involved in…

A

C6-9, lysis of microbe

65
Q

Primary immune response

A

-occurs days-weeks after first exposure
-antibody response is not long lived
-illness symptoms occur
-B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies
-TH cells and Tc involved in cell mediated response

66
Q

Secondary immune response:

A

-subsequent exposure that occurs within hours-days
-greater magnitude and more prolonged reponse
-occurs due to memory cells

67
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulin seen in primary immune response that is slower and weaker

68
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulin seen in secondary immune response that is stronger and faster

69
Q

High [ ] of IgG means that..

A

There has been a previous infection or person has been immunized

70
Q

Active immunity :

A

-Long-lasting protection (memory)
-multiple effector mechanisms activated
-lag time

71
Q

Passive immunity:

A

-rapid protection
-short duration

72
Q

In active immunity the individual…

A

Actively produces their own antibodies and it requires exposure to infectious agent (immunization with altered agent or natural infection)

73
Q

In passive immunity the individual…

A

Receives exogenous antibodies and does not confer to long-term immunity (mother-child via placenta or breast milk, and immunization with antibodies)

74
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccinating part of the population to protect unvaccinated members of the population

75
Q

What percent of population should be vaccinated to protect the “herd”

A

85%

76
Q

Herd immunity does not protect against all vaccine-preventable diseases because…

A

Some diseases are caused by bacteria from the environment

77
Q

People who depend on herd immunity:

A

-chemo patients
-people infected with HIV
-newborn babies
-elderly people

Block 5 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions