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Block 5 > Immuno: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Immuno: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is the…

A

First line of defense that is present at birth

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity is the…

A

Second line of defense that is acquired as a result of exposure

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3
Q

Time of response and memory of innate immunity:

A

-rapid (0-4 hours)
-no immunologic memory (1st and 2nd infection have same responses)

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4
Q

Time of response and memory of adaptive immunity:

A

-slower (>96 hours)
-immunologic memory (2nd time infected the response is faster and stronger)

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5
Q

Antigen specificity and lag time of innate immunity:

A

-NOT antigen specific (same cells have same reaction to many invaders)
-no lag time, immediate maximal response

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6
Q

Antigen specificity and lag tome of adaptive immunity:

A

-antigen specific response (unique cells activated to a single invaders)
-there is lag time between exposure and response

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7
Q

Anatomical and chemical barriers to innate immunity:

A

-mechanical factors
-chemical factors
-biological factors

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8
Q

Cellular components of innate immunity:

A

-neutrophils
-monocytes and macrophages
-NK cells
-eosinophils

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9
Q

Plasma proteins in innate immunity:

A

-cytokines
-compliment proteins

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10
Q

Structural defenses of the innate immune system respond to..

A

Nonspecific foreign substances

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11
Q

Mechanical barriers to prevent infection in the skin and gut:

A

-Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
-longitudinal flow of air or fluid

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12
Q

Chemical barriers to prevent infection in the skin:

A

-fatty acids
-anti-microbial peptides

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13
Q

Chemical barriers to prevent infection in the gut:

A

-low pH
-antimicrobial enzymes
-antimicrobial peptides

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14
Q

Mechanical barrier to prevent infection in the lungs:

A

-epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
-movement of mucus by cilia

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15
Q

Mechanical barrier to prevent infection in the eyes, nose, and oral cavity:

A

-epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
-tears and nasal cilia

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16
Q

Chemical barriers tot prevent infection in lungs:

A

-pulmonary surfactant
-antimicrobial peptides

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17
Q

Chemical barrier to prevent infection in the eyes, nose and oral cavity:

A

-antimicrobial enzymes in tears and saliva
-antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

Microbiological barriers to prevent infection in skin, gut, lungs, eyes, nose, and oral cavity:

A

-normal microbiota

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19
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete slimy and sticky mucus that trap the pathogen

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections that move in a wavy fashion that take the pathogen to the pharynx to spit out or swallow

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21
Q

Sebum

A

Oily substance produced by sebaceous glands that form a protective layer over the skin

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22
Q

Why does sebum contain unsaturated fatty acids?

A

To inhibit growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi

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23
Q

Dermcidin

A

A sweat gland, Produces sweat

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24
Q

Low skin pH is caused by…

A

Lactic acids and fatty acids

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25
Q

Lysozyme:

A

-Enzyme that breaks down gram-positive cell walls
-found in nasal secretions, saliva, and tears

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26
Q

Gastric juice

A

-Mixture of HCl, enzymes, and mucus
-destroys many microbes and most toxins

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27
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Can grow in the stomach by neutralizing stomach acid and causes gastritis and ulcers

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28
Q

Transferrins

A

Iron binding proteins in blood that inhibit bacterial growth by reducing available iron

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29
Q

The human microbiome is the…

A

Aggregate of all the microbiota that reside on or within humans

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30
Q

Neutrophils do NOT…

A

Present antigens

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31
Q

Phagocytosis is carried out by:

A

-neutrophils
-macrophages
-dendritic cells

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32
Q

Neutrophils predominate…

A

Early in the infection

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33
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells originate from…

A

Monocytes

34
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells are ___________________ as they recognize _____________________`

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

35
Q

Pattern recognition receptors are receptors on…

A

Innate immune cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

36
Q

Binding of toll-like receptors to pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) on pathogen surface triggers:

A

-activation of immune cell
-cytokine and chemokine production
-induction of induced inflammatory response

37
Q

LPS binds _____________________ found in plasma

A

LPS binding protein

38
Q

What and where does LPS binding protein bind?

A

CD14 on macrophages which triggers the TLR4

39
Q

LPS triggers

A

TLR-4

40
Q

Bacterial peptidoglycan triggers…

A

TLR-2

41
Q

Bacterial flagellum triggers…

A

TLR-5

42
Q

Three key functions of monocytes and macrophages:

A

-phagocytosis
-cytokine production
-antigen presentation

43
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages in the brain

44
Q

Alveolar Malpha

A

Macrophages in the lung

45
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages in the liver

46
Q

Resident or mesangial cells

A

Macrophages in the kidney

47
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Macrophages in the epidermis

48
Q

Process of phagocytosis:

A

-microbe adheres to phagocyte
-phagocyte forms pseudopods that engulf the particle
-phagocytic vesicle is fused w/ lysosome
-microbe is fused in visible is killed and digested leaving a residual body
-ingestible and residual material is removed via exocytosis

49
Q

Opsonization

A

Coat in pathogen with opsonin that facilitates attachment

50
Q

Opsonins include…

A

Antibodies and compliment proteins

51
Q

IL-1, TNF, and IL6 have crucial roles:

A

-induce the acute-phase response in the liver
-induce fever

52
Q

IL1 local effects:

A

-activates vascular endothelium
-activates lymphocytes
-local tissue destruction
-increase access of effector cells

53
Q

IL-1 systemic effects:

A

-fever
-production of IL-6

54
Q

TNF local effects:

A

-activates vascular endothelium
-increases vascular permeability leading to increased IgG entry, complement, and cells to tissues
-increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

55
Q

TNF systemic effects:

A

-fever
-mobilization of metabolites
-shock

56
Q

IL-6 local effects:

A

-Lymphocyte activation
-increased antibody production

57
Q

IL-6 systemic effects:

A

-fever
-induces acute-phase protein production

58
Q

IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 to the hypothalamus cause…

A

Increased body temperature which leads to decreased viral and bacterial replication

59
Q

C reactive protein is produced by the _______ in response to…

A

Liver, IL-6 acting on hepatocytes

60
Q

C relative protein binds _______________ on bacterial surfaces acting as a opsonin and a compliment activator

A

Phosphocholine

61
Q

Mannose-binding lectin binds to ________________ on bacterial surfaces acting as an opsonin and as a complement activator

A

Carbohydrates

62
Q

Neutrophil is derived from _____________ and stains _____ with wright stain

A

Bone marrow, pink

63
Q

Neutrophil enters tissues via____________ to provide extra support to macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

64
Q

Neutrophil exit blood stream: rolling method:

A

-selectin ligand on neutrophils binds E-selectin of P selection on endothelial cells
-slows down

65
Q

Neutrophil blood stream exit: crawling method:

A

-neutrophils express integrin
-bind ICAM on endothelial cells
-STOPS

66
Q

What stimulates integrin on neutrophils?

A

LPS: C5a

67
Q

Neutrophil blood stream exit: transmigration:

A

-neutrophils bind PECAM-1 (found between endothelial cells)

68
Q

Neutrophil blood stream exit: migration to site of inflammation:

A

-chemokines: C5a, IL8

69
Q

What stimulates expression of P and E selectin on endothelial cells?

A

IL-1 and TNF

70
Q

Neutrophil killing process by granules :

A

-bacterium phagocytized by neutrophil
-phagosome fuses with azurophilic granules and specific granules
-pH of phagosome rises, antimicrobial response is activated and bacterium is killed
-pH of phagosome decreases, fuses with lysosome allows hydrolases to degrade bacterium completely
-neutrophil dies by apoptosis and phagocytized by macrophage

71
Q

Primary granules:

A

Acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase

72
Q

Secondary granules:

A

Phosphatase, collagenases, and lysozymes

73
Q

Neutrophil killing process: respiratory burst (oxidative burst):

A

Oxygen becomes superoxide and becomes myloperoxidase via superoxide dismutase

74
Q

Natural killer cells have the same lineage as…

A

B cells and Tcells

75
Q

Things natural killer cells DONT do:

A

-do not mature in thymus
-do not have memory
-do not require antigen present by MHC

76
Q

Functions of natural killer cells

A

-kills human cells infected with viruses
-produces IFN-Y to activate macrophages

77
Q

Natural killer cells have ______ on the surface and ________

A

CD16 , CD56

78
Q

CD16

A

-binds Fc of IgG
-enhances. The activity of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADDC)

79
Q

CD56

A

-also called NCAM (natural cell adhesion molecule)
-aids in cells binding to other cells

80
Q

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in natural killer cells:

A

-antibodies coat pathogen or cell
-pathogen destroyed by immune cells
-non-phagocytic process

81
Q

NK cell activation is coordinated by the net signals received from ____________ and ______________ receptors

A

Activating and inhibiting

Block 5 (13 decks)

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