PHYS 4 Reg of calcium and phosphate Flashcards
calcium homeostasis
regulated?
stored where?
extracellular concentration important for?
during aging?
distribution of calcium in the body
% distribution in compartments? most where?
biologically active form of Ca?
amount of Ca in blood kept within? children? adults?
changes in plasma Ca is significant?
Hypocalcemia- is what? symptoms? indicators (2)
Hypercalcemia- is what? symptoms?
plasma Ca concentration influences _______ excitability.
plasma Ca= ______ Ca
low plasma Ca= high=
low- does what to action potential? how?
membrane excitability? this is basis for? produces what on neurons and muscle?
high- excitability? nervous system?
Changes in Ca concentration
forms of Ca in plasma can be altered by? (3)
Protein- do what to it? a change causes what in Ca
Anion- a change in this would do what?
Acid- alter ionized by?
Acid-base abnormalities alter ionized Ca concentration
Acidemia
alkalemia accompanied by?
in both what binds to what? ionized Ca concentration?
calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated
involves action of
3 organ systems?
3 hormones?
calcium homeostasis
ingest? excrete?
+/- regulation of absorption?
+/- regulation of bone resorption
+/- for reabsorption in kidney?
to maintain Ca balance kidneys mkust do what?
bone remoldeling- net gain of Ca?
relationship between Ca and phosphate
P- extracellular concentration compared to Ca?
extracellular concentration of P is regulated by?
normal range?
% distribution of Pi
PTH synthesized and secreted where?
what cells do this?
PTH regulates what?
type of hormone?
which parts are biologically active?
synthesized on? as what molecule? then to? followed by?
packaged in?
PTH regulates concentration of?
stimuli for secretion?
regulation of PTH gene expression?
what inhibits synthesis and secretion?
regulation of PTH gene expression and secretion
Chronic hypercalcemia- causes? (in regards to PTH)
Chronic hypocalcemia- causes?
Mg- what does it follow? exception? example of when you would see this?
PTH acts through what type of receptor cascade?
actions of PTH on bone, kidney, and intestine
starting with decreased plasma [Ca]
(3)
(interesting about intestine?)
Vit D promote? through?
Vit D increase or decrease what plasma concentrations?
what promotes mineralization of new bone?
has actions where?
Vit D= (name)
is a? active?
Vit D type of hormone? mechanism of action is where?
Vit D synthesis- start with?
main circulating form?
final form?
enzyme? what is + stim for enzyme?
Vit D enzyme is regulated where?
physiology of bone
PTH- receptors located where?
short term actions-
long term actions-
Vit D- acts with PTH?
actions of PTH and Vit D on bone formation and resorption short-long term
agents/ factors involved in bone formation and resorption
(4)
what do each do?
PTH and Vit D on bone formation and resorption (specific actions)
mechanism of action of PTH on Kidney
works on what receptor? in which part of the tubule?
interesting thing secreted in urine? why?
second renal action of PTH is on what part of kidney? does what?
action of vit D on kidney?
mechanism of action?
summary of PTH actions on Ca and Pi homeostasis
small intestine?
Bone?
Kidney?
Parathyroid gland?
summary of Vit D actions on Ca and Pi homeostasis
Small intestine?
Bone?
Kidney?
Parathyroid gland?
calcitonin actions
primary actions where?
does what to concentrations this inhibits? (this only happens when)
receptors expressed on? does what?
major stim?
role in chronic regulation of plasma Ca?
thyroidectomy? thyroid tumor?
regulation of Ca and Pi metabolism by gonadal and adrenal steroid hromones
Estradiol?
Adrenal glucocorticoids (_____)?
Primary hyperparathyroidism
patients excrete? (forms)
phrase for this (tells symptoms)
treatment?
secondary hyperparathyroidism
caused by?
in chart the two columns are the different causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
causes? (3)
most symptoms are associated with?
treatment?
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
(_________________)
inheritance? whats wrong? causes?
increase in? administer this and what happens?
phenotype?
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
associated with?
what molecule? does what?
similar profile to?
different how?
treatment?
familial Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
autosomal what?
cause?
results in?
Pathophys of vitamin D- what disease? (2)
impaired Vit D metabolism due to?
what else can lead to it?
R- age? problem? characterized by?
O- age? problem? Characterized by?
Rickets
congenital disorders? (2)
Pathophys of bone: Osteoporosis
what dependent changes in what?
treatment?
(2 main types?)
