DSA 1 Intro to endocrinology

Question 1

mechanisms of cellular communication?

(4)

Answer 1

Question 2

The endocrine system

in addition to hormones secreted by classic endocrine glands there are? (2)

Answer 2

Question 3

overview of endocrine glands and their hormones

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

Thyroid

parathyroid

A SUMMARY SLIDE

Answer 3

Question 4

overview of endocrine glands and their hormones

pancreas?

Adrenal medulla?

kidney?

adrenal cortex?

testes?

ovaries?

CP?

placenta?

Answer 4

Question 5

three general classes of hormones?

pp- stored where? chain size? soluble?

a- derived from?

s- synthesized from? soluble? stored where?

Answer 5

Question 6

Protein and peptide hormones are synthesized as?

usually synthesized as? special about this?

then what happens to it? where?

then?

Answer 6

Question 7

protein and peptide hormones are stored where? until?

stimulus for exocytosis could be? (2)

Answer 7

Question 8

steroid hormones

(7) possible not all

synthesized and secreted by? (3)

modifications of what molecule?

what are some of the mods?

Answer 8

Question 9

Synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol

cholesterol comes from what two sources?

Answer 9

Question 10

mechanisms of interactions of steroid hormones

steroid hormones have what two actions?

each does what?

Answer 10

Question 11

amine hormones are derived from?

two groups are?

C- synthesized where? act through what?

T- synthesized by? stored? act through what?

Answer 11

Question 12

Half-life and metabolic clearance with degree of protein binding?

what is longest?

Answer 12

Question 13

Hypothalamus

hormones? (6) chemical classification?

major action?

Answer 13

Question 14

anterior pituitary (7)

posterior pituitary (2)

thyroid (2)

chemical classification

major actions

Answer 14

Question 15

parathyroid (1)

Adrenal cortex (4)

testes (1)

ovaries (2)

corpus luteum (1)

chemical classification

action

Answer 15

Question 16

placenta (4)

pancreas (2)

kidney (2)

adrenal medulla (2)

chemical classification

actions

Answer 16

Question 17

secretion of hormones turned on and off by?

which is more common?

Answer 17

Question 18

what type of feedback is rare?

characteristic?

maintain homeostatic functions?

examples?

Answer 18

self increasing

Question 19

negative feedback

maintains what?

different types?

Answer 19

Question 20

most of endocrine system is organized into?

examples (3)

Answer 20

Question 21

physiological response driven negative feedback loop

ex?

Answer 21

Question 22

first tier of endocrine axes highly regulated by?

at the hypothalamus?

major inputs? (2)

what else influences release from hypothalamus

Answer 22

Question 23

SCN neurons represent what?

Answer 23

Question 24

Key aspects in the regulation of circulating levels of hormones

(3)

Answer 24

Question 25

up-regulation vs down-regulation what increases what decreases? activating? inactivating?

Answer 25

Question 26

adenylyl cyclase mechanism? what hormones?

Answer 26

Adenylyl cyclase mechanism – 1st messenger: hormones (e.g. ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon) – Primary effector: adenylyl cyclase – 2nd messenger: cAMP – Secondary effector: PKA

Question 27

Phospholipase C mechanism what hormones?

Answer 27

Phospholipase C mechanism – 1st messenger: hormones (e.g. GnRH, TRH, oxytocin) – Primary effector: phospholipase C – 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+ – Secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin

Question 28

steroid hormone mechanism of action involves binding to? receptors are? how many domains? 2 important ones?

Answer 28

Question 29

steroid hormone mechanism of action what regulates the rate of transcription of a gene?

Answer 29

• Steroid hormone mechanism – Hormone examples: thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, etc. – No second messenger – Act through cytosolic/nuclear receptors – Hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor

Question 30

Guanylyl cyclase mechanism hormones? (2) how do they activate this differently?

Answer 30

Question 31

tyrosine kinases fall in two major categories what are they? each works how?

Answer 31

Question 32

summary of mechanisms of hormone actions 5 different mechanisms what is one interesting case?

Answer 32

Question 33

Examples of endocrine dysfunction/dysregulation/changes hypofunction hyperfunction mass lesions

Answer 33