DSA 1 Intro to endocrinology Flashcards
mechanisms of cellular communication?
(4)
The endocrine system
in addition to hormones secreted by classic endocrine glands there are? (2)
overview of endocrine glands and their hormones
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
Thyroid
parathyroid
A SUMMARY SLIDE
overview of endocrine glands and their hormones
pancreas?
Adrenal medulla?
kidney?
adrenal cortex?
testes?
ovaries?
CP?
placenta?
three general classes of hormones?
pp- stored where? chain size? soluble?
a- derived from?
s- synthesized from? soluble? stored where?
Protein and peptide hormones are synthesized as?
usually synthesized as? special about this?
then what happens to it? where?
then?
protein and peptide hormones are stored where? until?
stimulus for exocytosis could be? (2)
steroid hormones
(7) possible not all
synthesized and secreted by? (3)
modifications of what molecule?
what are some of the mods?
Synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol
cholesterol comes from what two sources?
mechanisms of interactions of steroid hormones
steroid hormones have what two actions?
each does what?
amine hormones are derived from?
two groups are?
C- synthesized where? act through what?
T- synthesized by? stored? act through what?
Half-life and metabolic clearance with degree of protein binding?
what is longest?
Hypothalamus
hormones? (6) chemical classification?
major action?
anterior pituitary (7)
posterior pituitary (2)
thyroid (2)
chemical classification
major actions
parathyroid (1)
Adrenal cortex (4)
testes (1)
ovaries (2)
corpus luteum (1)
chemical classification
action
placenta (4)
pancreas (2)
kidney (2)
adrenal medulla (2)
chemical classification
actions
secretion of hormones turned on and off by?
which is more common?
what type of feedback is rare?
characteristic?
maintain homeostatic functions?
examples?
self increasing
negative feedback
maintains what?
different types?
most of endocrine system is organized into?
examples (3)
physiological response driven negative feedback loop
ex?
first tier of endocrine axes highly regulated by?
at the hypothalamus?
major inputs? (2)
what else influences release from hypothalamus
SCN neurons represent what?
Key aspects in the regulation of circulating levels of hormones
(3)
up-regulation vs down-regulation
what increases what decreases?
activating? inactivating?
adenylyl cyclase mechanism?
what hormones?
Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
– 1st messenger: hormones (e.g. ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon)
– Primary effector: adenylyl cyclase
– 2nd messenger: cAMP
– Secondary effector: PKA
Phospholipase C mechanism
what hormones?
Phospholipase C mechanism
– 1st messenger: hormones (e.g. GnRH, TRH, oxytocin)
– Primary effector: phospholipase C
– 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+
– Secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin
steroid hormone mechanism of action involves binding to?
receptors are?
how many domains? 2 important ones?
steroid hormone mechanism of action
what regulates the rate of transcription of a gene?
• Steroid hormone mechanism
– Hormone examples: thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, etc.
– No second messenger
– Act through cytosolic/nuclear receptors
– Hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor
Guanylyl cyclase mechanism
hormones? (2)
how do they activate this differently?
tyrosine kinases fall in two major categories
what are they?
each works how?
summary of mechanisms of hormone actions
5 different mechanisms
what is one interesting case?
Examples of endocrine dysfunction/dysregulation/changes
hypofunction
hyperfunction
mass lesions
