PHYS 3 endocrine pancreas Flashcards
endocrine cells of pancreas are arranged in?
endocrine cells secrete?
endocrine pancreas regulate?
clusters are named? how much of pancreatic mass?
innervated by?
Hormones of the islets of langerhans
what cells?
each makes up how much of islet?
secrete?
location in islet?
delta cells have what appearance?
Cells of the islets of Langerhans
communicate with each other
how? (2)
G
B- receive how much total blood
after first cells how to other cells get blood? and with insulin?
paracrine mechanisms of hormones in the endocrine pacreas?
insulin
major _____ hormone
secreted in response to?
main stimulatory factor for secretion?
insulin is synthesized and secreted in what cells?
hormone type?
synthesis starts with? then?
1- structure/ function
2- what forms? where does it form? then what happens?
insulin synthesis and release from b cells
packed together in secretory vesicles?
secreted in ______ quantities into _____
used as marker of insulin secretion?
most important factor in regulation of insulin synthesis and secretion?
pathway from this entering cell to insulin secretion?
what pump is inhibited?
what drugs are able to do this? can treat what?
what channel opens?
C peptide?
Blood glucose and insulin secretion chart
glucose stimulate insulin in what manner? what does graph look like phases?
in diabetic individuals first thing to disappear is?
what also contributes to modulation of insulin release?
what receptor mechanisms?
insulin begins its action on target cells by?
when bound these receptors do what?
Insulin-receptor complex is then?
making insulin do what to receptor?
insulin secretion and clearance
release ____ with a period of 3-6 min changing from an insulin concentration of _______ to _______
insulin receptor signaling
what leads to metabolic effects?
growth effects?
insulin receptor signaling
insulin binding to its receptor triggers _______ and the _______ of the family of ________
substrate proteins activate what cascades?
peripheral uptake of glucose
glucose taken up by peripheral cells by?
insulin facilitates uptake in? via
what tissues require insulin for effective glucose uptake?
Muscle: insulin actions
Major effects (5)
what actions help these effects happen?
Alternative intracellular pathways for glucose uptake independent of insulin
(1)
activation of ____ stimulate this process?
shows the importance of?
insulin effects on triglyceride and FA metabolism in ____ tissue?
effects of insulin on nutrient flow and resulting effects on blood levels of nutrients?
(4)
summary of insulin actions
what 3 tissues?
increases and decreases what processes there?
factors affecting insulin secretion
stimulatory factors? (10)
inhibitory factors? (6)
try to understand so you can logic it out
T1D
symptoms do not become evident until?
what main three things will increase?
g- what happens
F- what happens
A- what happens?
80% of B cells are destroyed
T1D
what happens with K+?
intracellular?
lack of insulin effect? overall levels of K+ why?
Other effect of T1D how does this happen?
Insulin replacement treatment for T1D
objective is to?
drawbacks? (4)
advances in research field for diabetes mellitus therapy
what has been shown to replace b cells well?
type 2 diabetes mellitus
characterized by?
progressive exhaustion of ______ due to? that include?
how much of diabetes cases?
type 2 DM often associated with?
reactive _____ followed by relative ________
3 causes for obesity-induced insulin resistance?
pathophsy of T2D
resistance mech?
may be due to?
increased hepatic ______ production
ketoacidosis?
non-obese cases?
chart with hyperinsulinemia
may need to look at this (watch)
type 2 DM treatment
(2)
subset of one
type of drugs?
glucose tolerance test
incretin hormones
______ derived hormones
(2)
short? secreted in response to?
simulate _______? inhibit _____ secretion?
also does what?
diabetes and the “incretin effect”
plasma glucose reflects balance between _______ action of insulin and _____ action of anti-insulin hormones
obtain [glucose] in mg/dL from mmol/L
anti-insulin hormones?
glucagon
structure?
member of family of peptide that includes what?
synthesized as?
stored in? until?
the major stimulatory factor of glucagon secretion is?
what also stims secretion?
other factors? (4)
plasma [glucose] reflects?
what inhibits synthesis and secretion of glucagon?
other inhibitory factors?
hypoglycemic action of insulin and hyperglycemic action of glucagon
what line represents what?
major actions of glucagon are on the?
glucagon __ blood [glucose]
how? (2)
substrate are directed towards _______
effect of glucagon on nutrient flow in liver and adipose tissue and resulting effects on blood levels of nutrients
glucagon has what effect on fat? this shunts substrate towards?
ketoacids produced from?
effect of glucagon on blood level of
Glucose, FA, Ketoacids
why inhibit FA synthesis but also increases it
