phylogenies

Question 1

taxonomy:

Answer 1

organizing species into hierarchy of groups

Question 2

who invented taxonomy and binomial nomenclature?

Answer 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 3

taxon:

Answer 3

unit at any level of hierarchy

Question 4

binomial nomenclature

Answer 4

naming organisms using Genus and Species

Question 5

order of taxonomy (most specific to broad)

Answer 5

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Question 6

family for fox

Answer 6

canidae

Question 7

order for fox

Answer 7

carnivora

Question 8

class for fox

Answer 8

mammal

Question 9

phylum for fox

Answer 9

chordata

Question 10

kingdom for fox

Answer 10

Animalia

Question 11

domain for fox

Answer 11

eukarya

Question 12

phylogenetic trees connect

Answer 12

classification to evolutionary history

Question 13

branch point:

Answer 13

common ancestor shared by branches

Question 14

root:

Answer 14

common ancestor of tree

Question 15

basal taxon:

Answer 15

oldest common ancestor

Question 16

sister taxa:

Answer 16

share unique common ancestor

Question 17

to create phylogenies, you look for ___ and ignore ____

Answer 17

look for homologies, ignore analogies

Question 18

homologies:

Answer 18

shared traits due to similar ancestry

Question 19

morphological homology

Answer 19

similar physical structure or traits

Question 20

molecular homology

Answer 20

similar DNA, especially mutations

Question 21

analogous structures are similar due to ______ not because of ____

Answer 21

similar due to shared lifestyle, not because of shared ancestry

Question 22

analogies often arise due to ____

Answer 22

convergence

Question 23

how to identify analogies:
-other traits are ___ _____
-complex structures are more likely to be ____, not ____
-similarities in _____ and ____are less likely to be analogies

Answer 23

• not similar
  -homologies, not analogies
  -cDNA and long sequences

Question 24

cladistics

Answer 24

classifies organisms by common ancestry

Question 25

cladistics may not match classification by …

Answer 25

physical traits

Question 26

clade

Answer 26

common ancestor and all taxa that descent from it

Question 27

shared ancestral characteristic

Answer 27

existed before common ancestor of clade

Question 28

shared derived characteristic

Answer 28

new trait is unique to clade (only within clade)

Question 29

arranging homologies: 2 options

Answer 29

maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood

Question 30

maximum parsimony: focus on…

Answer 30

simplicity in connections

Question 31

traits evolve as few times as possible

Answer 31

maximum parsimony

Question 32

maximum likelihood focus on simplicity in

Answer 32

steps

Question 33

genomes store evolutionary history: ___ evolve more slowly

Answer 33

critical genes (most mutations are BAD)

Question 34

genomes store evolutionary history: ____ evolve faster

Answer 34

less critical genes

Question 35

increased number of genes in genome provides…

Answer 35

more material for mutations and natural selection (evolution!)

Question 36

why do duplicated genes mutate faster?

Answer 36

-less critical
-free of selective pressure
-original copy is still functional, so mutations are less dangerous

Question 37

exadaptation: after mutation, duplicated genes…

Answer 37

serve new function

Question 38

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 38

• part of genome is shared with unrelated species
• shared traits not from recent common ancestor

Question 39

mechanics of horizontal gene transfer:

Answer 39

• transposable elements
• plasmids
• viruses