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biol 142 > descent with modification part 2 > Flashcards

descent with modification part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

basic premise of the theory of evolution

A

organisms are descendants of a common ancestor

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2
Q

divergence

A

structure found in common ancestor that is modified throughout generations (diverge from ancestral structure)

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3
Q

homologous structures

A

similar physical structures arranged in different ways (look different, built alike)

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4
Q

convergence

A

unrelated organisms with similar lifestyles develop similar structures

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5
Q

analogous structures

A

characteristics that result from shared lifestyle, not shared ancestry

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6
Q

Convergent evolution shows how species have evolved separately but have similar ____ structures

A

(analogous)

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7
Q

Divergent evolution demonstrates how species can have common _____ anatomical structures which have evolved for different purposes.

A

(homologous)

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8
Q

vestigial traits

A

Traits that do not seem to have a function in the current organism but has function in some related species

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9
Q

anatomical similarities- evolution weaknesses

A

some complex structures evolved more than once
-complex structure did not exist in common ancestor
-must have appeared after common ancestor

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10
Q

anatomical similarities- recent creation perspectives

A

God created similar organisms to fill similar roles

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11
Q

anatomical similarities- progressive creation perspectives

A

God may have created several broad types of organisms
-evolutionary descendants display homologies due to common ancestry
-homologies do not prove that they all came from one single ancestor

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12
Q

anatomical similarities: creation weaknesses regarding convergence

A

why didn’t God reuse structures in species that share a similar lifestyle but are not closely related

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13
Q

anatomical similarities: creation weaknesses regarding vestigial traits

A

why would God include a structure if it didn’t do anything?

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14
Q

what do evolutionists believe about developmental similarities

A

-Genetically related organisms go through similar developmental stages
-Organisms result from editing a common set of instructions

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15
Q

developmental similarities: evolution weaknesses

A

-strctures are not as similar as we thought
-different genes may be responsible for features that appear homologous

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16
Q

what do recent creationists believe about developmental similarities?

A

God chose to use common developmental themes to create related organisms

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17
Q

what do progressive creationists believe about developmental similarities?

A

God created common ancestor for different groups of organisms
* Later, God modified common ancestor into several new forms, but did not modify the embryonic form

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18
Q

developmental similarities- creation weaknesses

A

why would God put genes in an organism if he didn’t plan to use them?

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19
Q

molecular similarities: evolution perspective

A

-same genes found in many species
-genes with identical function can have slightly different DNA
-closely related species have fewer differences
-animals often arrange into groups based on physical similarities and DNA confirms these groupings

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20
Q

molecular similarities- evolution weaknesses

A

-some surprises in groups that look similar that are not genetically related
-genes don’t always back up physical similarities

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21
Q

molecular similarities: recent creation perspectives

A

God made small changes in genes for variety without altering function
*the mutation rate was high after flood ? no evidence

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22
Q

molecular similarities: progressive christian perspectives

A

God created several types of organisms
-diverged via evolution to form multiple species with genes that are similar
-organisms descending from different types God created are less similar

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23
Q

molecular similarities: creation weaknesses

A

-if earth is young, genes must have mutated at an incredibly rapid rate
-why would God make the same gene in similar species different if the ONLY advantage of genetic variety is enhanced adaptation via natural selection?

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24
Q

biogeography

A

study of where different organisms live on the earth

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25
Q

similar habitats in various parts of world are populated by

A

unrelated organisms (similar traits, not genetically similar)

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26
Q

example: habitat is populated by nearby organisms that adapted to live in that habitat

A

Islands have plants and animals similar to the nearby mainland

27
Q

adaptive radiation

A

single species adapts to many roles in empty environment

28
Q

adaptive radiation creates

A

many closely related species

29
Q

marsupials

A

Located almost exclusively in Australia and the surrounding islands

30
Q

biogeography- recent creation perspective

A

God created different animals in different parts of the world for diversity

31
Q

biogeography- progressive creation perspective

A

no conflict with evolutionary perspective

32
Q

biogeography- creation weaknesses

A

To get on the ark, how did marsupials get to the idle east and then back to Australia without leaving fossils anywhere?
why didn’t the violent mixing in the flood spread fossils all over the world?

33
Q

continental drift is caused by

A

plate tectonics

34
Q

overview of plate tectonics

A

 Earth’s crust made of plates that can move around
 Plates formed by volcanic ocean ridges
 Plates eventually forced back down into earth’s interior

35
Q

continents were all connected in the ___ era

A

Pangea

36
Q

evidence of continents being close together in Pangea era

A

Identical fossils are found on different continents (they could NOT have crossed ocean, continent were just nearby)

37
Q

continental drift- evolution weaknesses

A

It is not known for sure what forces cause crust movement (there are only some hypothesis)

38
Q

continental drift- creation weaknesses

A

o Plates would have to move very rapidly during the flood
 Huge amounts of heat generated by friction
 Would have boiled away all of Earth’s oceans
o Huge energies needed to start and stop rapid plate movement
o Why are plates still moving?

39
Q

radiometric dating

A

using radiometric decay to determine how old rocks are

40
Q

radioactive atoms are…

A

not stable

41
Q

misconception: radiometric decay may have been much faster in the past

A

 Scientists have never been able to artificially change the rate of decay

42
Q

fossils

A

the remains of an organism left in soil or rock

43
Q

where are fossils found?

A

sedimentary rock
-sand and sediment deposited into water and later turned into rock

44
Q

a fossil is formed when an organism is buried…

A

 Must not be eaten first or decompose
 Soft parts decompose quickly
 Requires specific conditions
 Forming a fossil is difficult and unlikely

45
Q

There is an order to the fossil record with ___ organisms at the bottom and ___ organisms near the top

A

extinct; living

46
Q

what fraction of species are preserved as fossils

A

10%

47
Q

almost all major animal groups suddenly appear when?

A

Cambrian explosion

48
Q

____ changes are more likely to be preserved in the record

A

small

49
Q

why does the Cambrian explosion not fit in Darwins evolutionary model of SLOW and STEADY change?

A

Organisms can suddenly look very different with little evidence of how or why they changed so quickly

50
Q

fossil record- recent creation perspectives

A

-fossils created during the flood and associated events
-order may be due to how well organisms float
-order may be due to how soon environments were flooded
-God may have created fossils to give the earth apparent age

51
Q

fossil record- progressive creation perspectives

A

 No conflict with evolutionary perspective for most of the fossil record
 Large jumps in the record are when God created new forms

52
Q

fossil record- creation weaknesses (pollen argument)

A

Today, pollen is found everywhere on earth. Why does pollen first appear in the fossil record near the same time as flowering plant fossils first appear?
-If everything was created at the same time, why is there a lot of mud that does not have pollen in it?

53
Q

transitional fossils are found where?

A

right where you would expect them

54
Q

___ is a link between birds and dinosaurs

A

Archaeopteryx

55
Q

transitional fossils- evolutionary weaknesses

A

o Some transitional fossils are missing
o Some transitional fossils have some characteristics that are not transitional
 Brings the transitional interpretation into question

56
Q

transitional fossils- creation weaknesses

A

o Why transitional organisms appear in the correct order in the fossil record
 Not a weakness for a progressive creation
o Why you can predict where to find transitional organisms

57
Q

there are __ species of hominins with characteristics more similar two humans than any other type of animal

A

20

58
Q

homo ergaster

A

was primarily bipedal with a large brain

59
Q

homo neaderthalensis lived primarily in

A

Europe

60
Q

humans did Not descend from Neanderthals, they

A

reproduced with each other

61
Q

humans vs Neanderthals

A

neanderthals are stronger and have larger brains

62
Q

what %of human DNA may be from Neanderthals?

A

1.5-2%

63
Q

___________ is supported by evidence from many different areas of science

A

Common descent model

biol 142 (17 decks)

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