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biol 142 > genes > Flashcards

genes Flashcards

1
Q

where are genes contained

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

who discovered genes

A

Gregor mendel

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3
Q

what did Gregor Mendel study?

A

pea plants

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4
Q

overview of gregor mendels experiment

A

Record parent traits; prevent plant from self-fertilizing; fertilized from another plant; collected seeds; record traits of offspring

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5
Q

medel crossed bred….

A

true breeding varieties

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6
Q

Mendel’s pea generations:

A

P generation: cross true breeding parents called hybridization
F1 generation: first offspring
F2: offspring of offspring

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7
Q

what happens to genetic material during fertilization?

A

material from both parents combine during fertilization

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8
Q

what is a gene?

A

instructions about something (about a trait) does not say what instructions are, just what they are about.

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9
Q

alleles

A

different versions of a gene; what instructions actually say

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10
Q

dominant alleles

A

(capitalized): trait can be seen with only 1 copy of the allele

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11
Q

recessive alleles

A

(lower cased): trait can only be seen if a dominant allele is NOT present

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12
Q

law of segregation

A

alleles separate when gametes are formed

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13
Q

homozygote

A

2 copies of same allele

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14
Q

heterozygote

A

2 different alleles

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15
Q

genotype:

A

genetic composition of an individual

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16
Q

phenotype:

A

physical characteristics of an individual

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17
Q

monohybrid cross: P generation

A

homozygous dominant or recessive (YY or yy)

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18
Q

monohybrid cross: F1 generation
Genotype? Phenotype?

A

Genotype: 4 heterozygous (Yy)
Phenotype: 4 dominant (color of Y trait)

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19
Q

monohybrid cross: F2 generation
Genotype? Phenotype?

A

-Genotype:
*1 homozygous dominant
*2 heterozygous
*1 homozygous recessive
-Phenotype:
*3 dominant
*1 recessive

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20
Q

test cross reveals…

A

genotype that created that phenotype

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21
Q

dihybrid cross looks at…

A

2 characteristics at once

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22
Q

dihybrid cross: P generation

A

*Dominant genotype for both traits
*Recessive genotype for both traits

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23
Q

dihybrid cross: F1 generation

A

heterozygous for both traits

24
Q

dihybrid cross: F2 generation

A

9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio

25
Q

multiple alleles

A

genes can have 2+ alleles
(Can still follow dominant/recessive pattern (can have more than 1 recessive pattern)

26
Q

incomplete dominance

A

one allele is not completely dominant
*Heterozygotes have intermediate traits
*Both alleles partially expressed

27
Q

codominance

A

neither allele is dominant or recessive
Both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes

28
Q

pleiotropy:

A

genes often affect more than one trait

29
Q

example of pleiotropy

A

friendly foxes bread to be friendly also became cuter (on accident): had more juvenile characteristics such as larger eyes, bigger ears, and a “cuter” look.

30
Q

epistasis

A

phenotype of one gene can block phenotype of different gene
*One gene is needed to see another gene: one recessive allele in one gene will influence a different gene

31
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

 Broad range of phenotypes
* Trait more complex than present or absent
* True of most genes
 Many small differences controlled by multiple genes
 Average phenotype is most common
 Extremes are uncommon

32
Q

pedigrees show

A

family connections

33
Q

genetic disorders are caused by

A

allele not functioning properly

34
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

mucus clumps in lungs caused by a mutant Cl- ion transport protein

35
Q

cystic fibrosis is recessive:

A

fine if you have 1 functioning pump, not fine if 2 mutant alleles make no functional proteins

36
Q

Huntington’s disease creates

A

protein clumps that kill brain cells

37
Q

Huntington’s disease is dominant:

A

presence of normal allele does not prevent the clumps

38
Q

genetic screening during pregnancy

A

-Amniocentesis: remove amniotic fluid and grow fetal cells
-Chorionic villus sampling: remove tissue from fetal portion of placenta

39
Q

chromosome ___ determines gender

A

23

40
Q

female chromosome

A

XX

41
Q

male chromosome

A

XY

42
Q

sex linked genes:

A

-gender determining chromosome may lack genes
-One gender has only 1 copy of some genes
*Males in humans
*More likely to display recessive trait
-No matching dominant trait
-Recessive trait can appear in other gender if parent with small chromosome has trait

43
Q

most x linked disorders are dominant/recessive?

A

recessive

44
Q

x linked traits are more common in

A

males: most genes are missing from Y chromosome

45
Q

color blindness occurs in many men since

A

instruction for cone pigments are on X chromosome

46
Q

x inactivation

A

 Level of trait can be affected by number of instructions

47
Q

independent assortment

A

genes are inherited separately IF genes are on different chromosomes

48
Q

if genes are on the sam chromosome,

A

alleles tend to inherit together (genes are LINKED)

49
Q

crossing over

A

homologous pair swap a section during prophase 1 of meiosis

50
Q

some chromosome alterations can include

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

51
Q

deletion:

A

part of chromosome is lost
oGenes may be removed from lost chromosome

52
Q

duplication:

A

selection of chromosome is duplicated
oDuplicated section combined with rest of chromosome

53
Q

inversion:

A

piece breaks and is reattached backward
oGenes are in different order than before

54
Q

translocation

A

piece of one chromosome is attached to non-homologous chromosome
oNon homologous chromosomes may swap pieces

55
Q

nonmendelian inheritance: genomic imprinting

A

: only receive an active copy of gene from one parent

56
Q

____ and ___ have DNA and genes

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

57
Q

all organelle genes are inherited from

A

mother

biol 142 (17 decks)

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