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biol 142 > descent with modification part 1 > Flashcards

descent with modification part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

world view

A

our core belief about how the world works

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2
Q

biological evolution:

A

population characteristics change over time

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3
Q

microevolution

A

changes in characteristics (traits) within a population

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4
Q

macroevolution

A

changes in characteristics are large enough to result in a new species

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5
Q

science can only be used to…

A

answer questions that are testable (using empirical evidence)

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6
Q

examples of things that cannot be answered by science

A

aesthetics, morality, existence or absence of God

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7
Q

methodological naturalism

A

-event I am currently observing has only natural causes
(everyone in science)

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8
Q

metaphysical naturalism

A

belief that ALL events have only natural causes
-requires faith that science fully explains the nature of reality

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9
Q

what, like faith, is outside of science?

A

metaphysical naturalism

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10
Q

the debate between christianity and evolution often falls into a…

A

false dichotomy: limits discussion to only 2 opposing perspectives while ignoring additional perspectives

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11
Q

recent creation

A

the biblical story of creation is scientifically accurate

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12
Q

what do recent creationists believe about creation?

A

-God created the world in 6 literal days
-age of life is 6,000-10,000 years old
-earth may have been created with an appearance of age
-fossil record created by the flood

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13
Q

recent creationists view on evolution

A

only small evolutionary changes in organisms

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14
Q

progressive creation

A

our belief of origins must NOT ignore the evidence in nature

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15
Q

progressive creationists view of creation:

A

-each day of creation indicates a long day or days were spread apart
-age of life is old

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16
Q

according to _____, living organisms are created via combination of evolution and divine intervention

A

progressive creationists

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17
Q

evolutionary creation

A

science and scripture offer 2 views of the same thing with a different emphasis

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18
Q

evolutionary creationists view on creation

A

-age of life is old
-accepts the fossil record AND origin of organisms as described by evolution
-God crated a world where things could evolve

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19
Q

misconception: evolution is “just a theory”

A

a scientific theory has undergone extensive testing and is supported by a huge amount of evidence

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20
Q

misconception: “evolutionists do not believe in God”

A

-faith is lower among scientists compared to nonscientists

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21
Q

about ___% of biologists believe in God and Heaven (has not changed much since early 1900s)

A

30%

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22
Q

evolutionary thinking is used in many areas such as

A

conservation, agriculture, pollution control, and medicine

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23
Q

Charles Darwin education history

A

-he failed at studying medicine
-graduated as a minister
-spent time with naturalists

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24
Q

Charles Darwin sailed around work on _________ and did what?

A

-H.M.S beagle
-Observed plants, animals, and fossils along the way

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25
Q

voyage of the Beagle:

A

-Darwin was tasked with mapping the South America coast
-took 5 years

26
Q

why was Darwin invited on the Beagle?

A

as a naturalist and sophisticated company for the captain

27
Q

Darwin did or did not invent evolutionary?

A

DID NOT; was around way before (he just described a way evolution could happen)

28
Q

Darwin and atheism

A
  • He was not an atheist, and did not rule out God
  • He seems to support evolutionary creationism
29
Q

philosophy of species back in Darwin’s day

A
  • species were created perfect (so they would not evolve)
    *only a few people suggested evolutions of one species to another
30
Q

who was evolution first suggested by?

A

the Greeks, thousands of years before Darwin

31
Q

philosophy of geology in Darwin’s Day

A

-Significant geology features were created by the flood
-Landscapes did not significantly change after flood

32
Q

what did Hutton say about geology?

A

-recent landscapes were changing very slowly
* Example: We find river in valley, since rivers slowly make valleys by washing away dirt

33
Q

people claimed that species could NOT change at all, but…

A

Darwin realized that he could change characteristics on purpose (selective breeding)

34
Q

artificial selection:

A

humans have evolved species by choosing who reproduces
*Species can change

35
Q

artificial selection:

A

humans have evolved species by choosing who reproduces
* Species can change

36
Q

some individuals are better at

A

surviving and making offspring, so their traits will be more common in the next generation

37
Q

Darwin’s idea of natural selection

A

natural selection accomplishes the same thing as artificial selection without human intervention

38
Q

what did Darwin notice about the Galapagos islands?

A

*Different islands had similar finches that were slightly different on each island
*Differences seemed closely related to what finches ate (beak size differences)

39
Q

Darwin’s hypothesis about the finches:

A

finches on all islands must have come from a common ancestor but changed to fit their environment

40
Q

what book did Darwin publish after 2 decades of thoughts and experimentation

A

On the Origin of Species

41
Q

4 observations: the fundamental principles of natural selection

A

1.Individuals within populations vary
2.Some variation can be passed on to offspring (inheritance)
3.Not all offspring survive
4.Survival and reproduction are not random

42
Q

variant:

A

each different type of individual in a population

43
Q
  1. variation passed to offspring: Darwin studied pigeons:
A

Fan tailed pigeons are more likely to have fan tailed offspring
*Genes allow traits to be passed to children (he did not understand how this worked)

44
Q

example of observation 3: not all offspring survive

A

Trees make millions of seeds, but only a few sprout.
-Even fewer grow into full grown trees.

45
Q

with unlimited resources, 2 elephants…

A

could grow to 15 million elephants in 500 years (but the environment can’t support that many)

46
Q
  1. survival and reproduction are not random:
A

some variants are more likely to survive and reproduce
-individuals that survive long enough to reproduce are not random:

47
Q

(4) selective pressure

A

non random influence on who survives and reproduces

48
Q

(4) fitness

A

survival and reproduction of one variant compared to other variants

49
Q

(4) adaptations

A

-traits that increase fitness
-make variant more likely to survive and reproduce

50
Q

natural selection ______ new traits

A

CANNOT MAKE

51
Q

what creates new traits?

A

mutations or sexual reproduction (mixes traits)

52
Q

Natural selection can only select for traits that

A

already exist in a population
-Dodo birds went extinct because they had no traits that made them wary of hunters
* Natural selection could not select for a trait that kept Dodo birds safe from hunters since it did not exist

53
Q

natural selection results in

A

populations that are better fits in their current environment

54
Q

traits that increase survival in one environment…

A

may cause problems in another environment

55
Q

most adaptations are tradeoffs between

A

success in one situation versus another

56
Q

swallow example (why adaptations are a tradeoff)

A

North American swallows are adapted to eat flying bugs, but they must migrate in winter when all local flying bugs die

57
Q

adaptations are limited

A

by organism’s underlying biology (MUST be modifications of existing structures and pathways)

58
Q

example of pandas (how adaptations are limited by underlying biology)

A

pandas developed a “thumb” since they hold bamboo, but the thumb is made from a wrist bone and is a variation based on existing structures

59
Q

natural selection progresses toward a goal?

A

NO, it has NO goal

60
Q

natural selection is “blind”:

A

 Cannot see what adaptions might be needed in future
 Only adaptations that are useful NOW are selected for

61
Q

natural selection in passive

A

no organism is choosing to adapt

62
Q

we cannot determine if an adaption is helpful or not without

A

knowing the environment

biol 142 (17 decks)

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