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biol 142 > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

new cells are clones…

A

same DNA of original cells (except reproductive cells)

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2
Q

cell cycle phases

A

Cell division
Cells performing normal functions

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

pieces of DNA

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4
Q

somatic cells

A

everything that is not a reproductive cell

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5
Q

somatic cells contain…

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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6
Q

where do cells spend most time?

A

interphase; performing normal functions

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7
Q

interphase: cells begin preparations for

A

division

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8
Q

interphase subphrases:

A

G1, S, G2

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9
Q

G1:

A

first gap phase: growth and organelles copied

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10
Q

S:

A

synthesis phase: DNA is copied

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11
Q

G2:

A

second gap phase: proteins made that assist division

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12
Q

mitosis produces..

A

exact copies of parent cell nucleus (in somatic cells)

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13
Q

big pic of mitosis:

A

reorganization of chromosomes into new cells

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14
Q

stages of mitosis:

A
    1. Prophase
    1. Metaphase
    1. Anaphase
    1. Telophase
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15
Q

mitotic spindle function

A

arranges chromosome during division

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16
Q

mitotic spindle: centrosome

A

o In animal cells
o Microtubules grow outward
o Support cell shape and assists with cell division

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17
Q

mitotic spindle: kinetochore

A

o Center of chromosomes
o Connects identical sister chromatids
o Attachment site for microtubules

18
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A

*Chromosomes condense
*Mitotic spindle forms
-Centrosomes move apart

19
Q

what happens between prophase and metaphase (pro-metaphase)?

A

*Nuclear envelope breaks down
*Chromosomes become completely condensed
*Microtubules attach to kinetochores/lengthen cell

20
Q

where are centrosomes during metaphase

A

at opposite sides of cells

21
Q

what do chromosomes do during metaphase

A

each chromosome attached to both centrosomes

22
Q

metaphase plate

A

region where chromosomes are lined up by microtubules (center of cell)

23
Q

anaphase: chromosome copies…

A

separate

24
Q

telophase and cytokinesis

A
  • Nucleus forms at each end
  • Chromosomes become less condensed
  • Cytoplasm divides
25
Q

cytokinesis:

A

physically separating original cell into 2 daughter cells
*Microtubules are removed

26
Q

how to prokaryotes undergo “cell division”

A

binary fission:
*Form of asexual reproduction
*Cells elongates, duplicates chromosome (sometime just 1) and splits in half forming 2 new individuals

27
Q

cell cycle control system:

A

coordinates key events in cell cycle

28
Q

cell cycle stops at…

A

specific checkpoints: G1, G2, metaphase

29
Q

cell cycle progression is managed by

A

cyclic proteins

30
Q

G1 checkpoint:

A

determines if cell will continue dividing
-ensure cell has proper nutrients
-check if more cells are needed (presence of growth factor?)

31
Q

g1 checkpoint: if growth factors are NOT around and division should not occur…

A

they go into G0 phase ( can go back to G1 if growth factors are present again)

32
Q

G2 checkpoint:

A

ensures DNA has copied properly (2 complete copies of DNA)

33
Q

M checkpoint:

A

ensures all chromosome kinetochores are connected to microtubules

34
Q

density dependent inhibition

A

if closely packed, they will not keep dividing

35
Q

anchorage dependence

A

cells only divide if they are attached to something

36
Q

Cycle checkpoints are regulated by proteins, but

A

mutations may make a protein that does not work right

37
Q

Mutations in cell cycle regulating proteins may lead to

A

unregulated cell cycle, which can lead to tumors or cancer

38
Q

cancer cells lose…

A

density dependent inhibition: continue to divide even when closely packed with other cells
(tumors form very dense tissue)

39
Q

tumor:

A

uncontrolled cell growth formed by one abnormal cell that evaded immune system

40
Q

benign tumor

A

cannot leave original location

41
Q

malignant tumor/cancer

A

can lose cells that spread to new locations (metastasis)

42
Q

o Chemotherapy interferes with

A

cell cycle: blocks cell division to let immune system get ahead of cancer cells
-Hurts cancer cells most since they are dividing fastest

biol 142 (17 decks)

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