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biol 142 > biotechnology > Flashcards

biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

DNA sequencing

A

determining order of nucleotides

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2
Q

robotic sequencing

A
  • Tag nucleotides with colors
  • Shoot DNA pieces by a camera
  • Order of colors reveals order of nucleotides
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3
Q

DNA cloning: restriction enzymes

A

Their function is to cut apart viral DNA to prevent infection, but we can use them for our purposes.

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4
Q

restriction enzymes cut DNA at

A

a specific sequence of nucleotides

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5
Q

HINDIII cuts at:

A

AAGCTT (cuts anywhere this sequence is found, making many pieces of DNA)

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6
Q

restriction enzymes usually cut unevenly, creating

A

sticky ends (ends want to stick to matching sequence)

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7
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA created from multiple sources

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8
Q

how does recombinant DNA work?

A

 Cut DNA from each source with the same restriction enzyme (matching sticky ends)
 Mix DNA from both sources
 Sticky ends from different sources attach
 DNA ligase enzyme bonds sources together

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9
Q

plasmids

A

small circular pieces of DNA (not chromosomes) that have NON ESSENTIAL genes on them

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10
Q

bacteria pass ___ to each other

A

plasmids

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11
Q

DNA cloning uses ____ to…

A

bacteria to make copies of DNA pieces

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12
Q

how do you find the bacteria that has the plasmid?

A

the environment contains an antibiotic, plasmids contain defense against this antibiotic. The bacteria WITHOUT plasmids DIE.

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13
Q

how do you find plasmid with foreign DNA in it?

A

plasmids withOUT DNA have an intact lacZ gene that turns the colony blue. plasmids WITH the DNA have disrupted lacZ gene and produce white colonies.

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14
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fast way of

A

duplicating DNA (minutes or hours)

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15
Q

what does PCR use?

A

NOT bacteria, instead enzymes from bacteria in hot springs

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16
Q

PCR process is driven by

A

temperature changes

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17
Q

PCR process: 1. denaturing

A

-95 C
-separates DNA strands (no helices)

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18
Q

PCR process: annealing

A

-68 C
-add/mix in primer sticks to target DNA sequence

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19
Q

PCR process: elongation

A

-72 C
-DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
-from species that live in hot environments to avoid denaturing

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20
Q

each PCR cycle step

A

doubles the number of target sequences

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21
Q

identical twins have identical

A

DNA

22
Q

how do twins arise?

A

1 fertilized egg splits in half

23
Q

artificial splint

A

reproductive cloning

24
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

take DNA out of somatic cell, take DNA out of an egg, put DNA from somatic cell into egg. Egg does not need to be fertilized because it has 2 copies of DNA.
*DNA instructs egg to grow into genetic copy of first individual

25
Q

to clone, cells must be tricked..

A

into going back into the embryonic state
* Turns on all instructions again
* Very difficult

26
Q

DOLLy the sheep

A

the sheep was the first cloned sheep in 1977

27
Q

why do cloned animals have health problems?

A

 Adult cell telomeres are already used up leading to health issues
* Premature aging

28
Q

how can restriction enzymes be used to tell people apart?

A
  • Individuals have different numbers of restriction sites
  • Size of pieces will be different
29
Q

DNA electrophoresis separates pieces by

A

size

30
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

o A DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered
o We know of 4.5 million SNPs
o There are many more we have not found

31
Q

DNA tests look for

A

o From cells in spit
o Search for common SNPs

32
Q

genetic engineering: intentionally change a __ to make something new

A

genome

33
Q

transgenic organism

A

Has genes from more than 1 species

34
Q

typical modified microorganisms:

A

Usually use bacteria (prokaryote) and yeast (fungi, eukaryote) are small and easy to grow

35
Q

transgenic bacteria used to make

A

insulin

36
Q

GMO crops attempt to avoid

A

environmental problems while having a high yield

37
Q

GMO crop advantages

A

 More resistant to diseases and pests (reduces pesticide use)
-more resistant to herbicides
 Increase nutrients

38
Q

biggest GMO concern

A
  • Transgenic genes appearing in wild plants: moderate concern
    o Weed could get new genes, and you cannot get the genes back.
39
Q

gene therapy is treatment for

A

genetic disorders

40
Q

problem with gene therapy on children with no immune system?

A

o Gene enters at random spot on chromosome: can be bad if they disable cell cycle control genes
o Can cause cancer
o Risk for treatment was not worth it

41
Q

genomes are all ____ in an organisms DNA

A

genes

42
Q

number of ___ does not have to do with complexity

A

genes

43
Q

genomic size:

A

o Number of bases is not directly related to complexity
o Number of genes not directly related to complexity

44
Q

helpful comparisons related to genome size

A

 Number of base pairs (measured in haploid cells like gametes)
 Number of genes
 Density: genes per million bases

45
Q

number of base pairs in humans (in haploid cells)

A

3 billion

46
Q

number of genes in humans

A

21,000

47
Q

density in humans

A

7

48
Q

eukaryotes have a lot of

A

noncoding DNA (prokaryotes have NONE)

49
Q

short tandem repeats

A

 Repeating series of the same sequence of 2-5 bases
 Useful for distinguishing individuals

50
Q

transposable elements can move from …

A

one location in DNA to another

51
Q

transposable elements make up a large % of

A

noncoding DNA (20-50% in mammals, 80% in corn )

biol 142 (17 decks)

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