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biol 142 > Gene expression AND regulation > Flashcards

Gene expression AND regulation Flashcards

1
Q

genetic info is permanently stored in

A

DNA

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2
Q

transcription:

A

copies genetic info from DNA to RNA (converting info into a different form without changing the information)
Info is temporarily stored in RNA

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3
Q

translation

A

coverts genetic information in RNA to a protein (info is turned into different thing)
 Protein perform some function

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4
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

RNA is similar to DNA but

A

has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose

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6
Q

RNA can base pair with DNA but…

A

RNA uses U instead of T to pair with A

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7
Q

RNA base pairs:

A

C and G
A and U

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8
Q

backbone of RNA

A

ribose

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9
Q

why is RNA single stranded

A

its main function is to USE info, not store it. so the one strand makes it more easily accessible.

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10
Q

where are codons located

A

DNA and RNA

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11
Q

if nucleotides are like letters, codons…

A

are the words of all living things (spelt by nucleotides)

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12
Q

codons function

A

translate info in DNA to proteins that we ultimately want

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13
Q

codons code for

A

specific amino acids

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14
Q

triplet code

A

3 nucleotide sequence that is code for one of 20 amino acids

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15
Q

____ total codons

A

64 total
61 code for amino acids
3 are stop codons

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16
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG (also codes for methionine)

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17
Q

redundancy is often seen in the __ letter of the codon wheel thingy

A

last

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18
Q

a given amino acid can be coded for by …

A

more than 1 codon

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19
Q

codons are/are not evenly distributed between amino acids?

A

are not

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20
Q

what aspect of codons reduces effect of mutations ?

A

the redundancy (64 codons for only 20 amino acids)

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21
Q

mRNA

A

copied from DNA

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22
Q

rRNA

A

-forms ribosomes
-provides location for tRNA to pair with mRNA and hangs on to growing proteinn

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23
Q

tRNA:

A

-carries amino acids to ribosome
-translates genetic code into amino acids
-anticodons are complementary to mRNA codons

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24
Q

exons

A

useful parts of mRNA

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25
Q

introns

A

unused parts of mRNA

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26
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and connects exons

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27
Q

RNA can code protein domain:

A

protein pieces that provide new function
combine domains to create new cellular machines

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28
Q

mutations are ___ errors

A

uncorrected

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29
Q

mutations can arise from

A

 Wrong base
 Missing base
 Extra base

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30
Q

mutations alter

A

instructions in DNA

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31
Q

point mutation

A

one changed nucleotide
-Can change amino acids in proteins
*Altered protein may have a different 3D shape
*Altered protein may not be able to do its job as well

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32
Q

neutral/silent mutation

A

has no effect on protein

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33
Q

silent mutation: purpose of redundancy

A

 May sub a chemically similar amino acid so that protein still makes the same shape and therefore function

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34
Q

frameshift mutation

A

inserting or deleting nucleotides
 Very bad
 3 nucleotide codon sequence is off
 Creates nonsense genes
 Often results in an early stop codon

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35
Q

differential gene expression

A

changing what proteins are being made

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36
Q

cell function is based on

A

what genes are being used

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37
Q

gene expression: whether a gene is

A

turned off or not (can be a gradient)

38
Q

gene expression can be controlled at different steps:

A
  • DNA packing
  • Transcription
  • RNA processing and breakdown
  • Translation
  • Protein processing and breakdown
39
Q

chromatin

A

DNA + proteins holding it

40
Q

DNA is wrapped around

A

histones:
* Histone tails stabilize DNA
* Creates nucleosome

41
Q

RNA polymerase splits and unwinds DNA to copy it, but…

A

 DNA can be tightly coiled on histones
 Tightly coiled DNA leaves no room for RNA polymerase
* Gene may be coiled up
* Promoter may be coiled up
* Gene is inactivated
 No proteins from inactivated genes

42
Q

histone modification affects ___ availability

A

DNA

43
Q

histone methylation

A

DNA is wrapped tightly and is unavailable

44
Q

histone acetylation

A

DNA is rapped less tightly and is available

45
Q

what helps control transcription?

A

transcription factors

46
Q

general transcription factors:

A

needed for all genes

47
Q

specific transcription factors

A

control specific genes

48
Q

activators vs repressors

A
  • Activators increase transcription
  • Repressors decrease transcription
49
Q

gene control elements organize

A

transcription factors

50
Q

where are gene control elements?

A

in non-coding DNA

51
Q

enhancers:

A

group of gene control elements

52
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

different portions of instructions can be kept or removed

53
Q

one pre-mRNA can code for

A

multiple proteins (spliced differently for each)

54
Q

pre-mRNA:

A

mRNA without introns removed

55
Q

_____ molecules can block translation of specific mRNA

A

regulator (specific protein is not made)

56
Q

deactivating ribosomes

A

controls translation of ALL mRNA (no proteins are made)

57
Q

when are deactivating ribosomes useful?

A

when a virus is present

58
Q

inheritance patterns are NOT caused by

A

order of DNA nucleotides

59
Q

epigenetics

A

study of non-sequence DNA changes

60
Q

epigenetic

A

how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence.

61
Q

epigenome:

A

all the epigenetic changes that have happened to ur DNA

62
Q

DNA methylation is an example of epigenetic change:

A

methyl group attached to DNA due to life experiences, prevents some genes from being expressed.

63
Q

methylation is a gradient:

A

o Can have more or less methylation and it will either be transcribed more or less
o Like a dimmer switch

64
Q

____ cells can become anything

A

embryonic

65
Q

as body develops, cells ____.

A

differentiate: become specialized and can no longer become everything

66
Q

epigenetics and cancer: some genes are unmethylated

A

o Turned on
o More transcription than normal
o Genes that promote cell growth and division

67
Q

epigenetics and cancer: some genes are strongly methylated

A

o Turned off
o Genes that stop cell growth
o Genes that repair DNA
o Genes that help cell kill itself

68
Q

epigenetics and daughter cells:

A
  • Cells divide to form daughter cells
  • Cells pass on experiences to daughter cells
    o Daughter cells are prepared for similar experiences
  • New DNA is methylated
    o Teaches new cell what environments are like
69
Q

only ____ of human genome codes for proteins

A

1.5%

70
Q

even though only 1.5% of DNA makes proteins…

A

about 75% of DNA is transcribed at some point, making noncoding

71
Q

even though only 1.5% of DNA makes proteins…

A

about 75% of DNA is transcribed at some point, making noncoding RNA that controls whether proteins are made or not

72
Q

microRNA and small interfering RNA regulates translation of

A

specific mRNA
-bind to mRNA
-block translation or tag for destruction

73
Q

how are cancer cells different?

A

 1. They divide when they should not
 2. They invade surrounding tissues
 3. They move to other locations

73
Q

mRNA

A

copied from DNA

73
Q

long noncoding RNA

A

 packages DNA more tightly in chromosomes
 involved in X inactivation

74
Q

cell cycle control system coordinates

A

key events in cell cycle

74
Q

cell cycle control system generates its own

A
74
Q

cell cycle control system stops at checkpoints:

A

-Control point to ensure conditions are right for continuing cycle
* G1
* G2
* Metaphase

74
Q

cell cycle control system checkpoints are regulated by

A

proteins

75
Q

mutations in cell cycle control system regulating proteins may lead to

A

unregulated cell cycle (can lead to tumors and cancer)

76
Q

porto-oncogenes:

A

genes which promote cell division

77
Q

porto-oncogenes can be mutated to form

A

oncogenes (cancer genes)

78
Q

tumor suppressor genes:

A

stop cell division if conditions are unfavorable

79
Q

tumor supressor genes help regulate

A

cell cycle checkpoints

80
Q

mutations in DNA repair genes

A

-Reduces ability to correct mistakes
* Can dramatically increase rate of new mutations

81
Q

agiogenesis

A

:stimulatesformationof new blood vessels to give cancer nutrients

82
Q

more than one _____ to form cancer cells

A

mutations needed

83
Q

some types of mutations that cancer needs:

A
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
  • Inactivation of DNA error checking and
    repair
  • Proto-oncogenes into oncogenes
  • Loss of contact inhibition: cells divide even when in dense groups
  • Loss of anchorage dependence: cells divide when not attached to anything
  • Reactivation of telomerase enzyme
84
Q

ways to detect cancer:

A

-Find denser tissue
* Proteins in blood
* Biopsy: examine surgically removed cells

85
Q

chemotherapy

A

Injected chemicals selectively kill dividing cells

86
Q

radiation

A

High-energy particles used to damage DNA and kill cancer cells

biol 142 (17 decks)

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