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Biology > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the specialised features of a leaf

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • transparent upper epidermis
  • packed palisade mesophyll
  • lots of chloroplasts
  • airy spongy mesophyll
  • xylem
  • phloem
  • lower epidermis
  • air spaces
  • stomata
  • gurad cells
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2
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

a series of endothermic chemical reactions which occur in plant cells which contain chloroplasts to generate energy

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3
Q

When is repiration carried out

A

all the time - day and night

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4
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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5
Q

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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6
Q

What are the factors which are required for photosynthesis to occur

A
  • light
  • warmth
  • chlorophyll
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7
Q

what is the waste product of photosynthesis

A

oxygen

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8
Q

How do plants get carbon dioxide

A

CO2 diffuses down the concertration gradient from the air in the environment through the stomata into the air spaces in the leaf

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9
Q

How do plants get water

A

Water moves by osmosis down the water potential gradient from the sapces between soil particles into the root hair cell

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10
Q

Describe the method to test leaves for startch

A
  • set up water bath using a beaker, tripod, gauze and bunsen burner
  • use forceps to put leaf in boiling water
  • turn off bunsen
  • fill boiling tube 1/3rd with ethanol
  • place in beaker for 10min
  • remove leaf from ethanol with forceps
  • dip leaf in hot water
  • smooth out leaf onto white tile
  • add iodine solution
  • observe colour change
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11
Q

Why do we use ethanol when testing leaves for startch

A

the ethanol removes the chlorophyll from the leaf so it changes colour with the iodine easier

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12
Q

why do we boil the leaf when testing it for startch

A

to remove the waxy cuticle

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13
Q

What are the limiting factors

A
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concertration
  • temperature
  • chlorophyll levels in leaf
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14
Q

How is light intensity a limiting factor

A

plenty of light = lots of phtotsynthesis
it is a limiting factor until it plateaus

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15
Q

How is CO2 concertration a limiting factor

A

more CO2 = more photosynthesis
- CO2 levels rise at night and get used up in the morning
it is a limiting factor until it plateaus

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16
Q

Why is the more CO2 at night

A

because the plants respire but don’t photosynthesise

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17
Q

How much of the atmosphere is CO2

A

0.04%

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18
Q

How can CO2 levels be overcome

A

Science labs or greenhouses can aartificially increase the levels of CO2

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19
Q

How is temperature a limiting factor

A

hgiher temperature = faster/more photosynthesis
temperture increase generates more kinetic energy

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20
Q

What can happen to the plant if temperature gets too high

A
  • enzymes denature around 40-50 celcius
  • photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes
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21
Q

How is chlorophyll a limiting factor

A

Chlorophyll absorbs the light which develops photosynthesis
If a plant doen’t mave enough minerals (magnesium) it will die because it cannot grow

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22
Q

What do plants use the glucose from photosynthesis for

A
  • respiration
  • converted into insoluable startch
  • produce lipids or oils
  • produce cellulose
  • produce amino acids
23
Q

why do plants convert glucose to cellulose

A

to stengthen the cell wall

24
Q

why do plants convert glucose to startch

A
  • it is insoluable ~ doen’t affect osmosis
  • provides an energy store when it is too dark
  • produce tubers and bulbs to help survive through the winter
25
Q

why and how do plants use glucose in amino acids

A

they combine sugars with nitrate ions
the amino acids built up into proteins to be used as enzymes

26
Q

why do carnivourous plants convert glucose into amino acids

A

so they can make enzymes to digest the insects they trap

27
Q

why do plants convert glucose into lipids

A

to be used as an energy store, make the cell wall stronger or as an energy store in seeds

28
Q

How do commercial greenhouses control photosynthesis

A
  • control temperature
  • control light levels
  • control CO2 levels
29
Q

What is the system which big commercial greenhouses use called

A

hydrophonics

30
Q

what are the benefits of hydrophonics

A
  • bigger yield = more profit
  • clean crops
  • no need to plough or prepare land
  • less staff
  • shorter harvest
31
Q

what are the disavantages of hydrophonics

A
  • higher gas bills
  • higher electricity bill
  • expensive monitoring equipment
32
Q

How do you test for startch

A
  • add a few drops of test solution to spotting tile
  • add iodine solution
  • observe
33
Q

what is the colour change for successful startch

A

orange-brown to blue-black

34
Q

how do you test for glucose

A
  • add test solution to test tube
  • add benedict’s solution
  • place in water bath at 80 for 10min
  • observe
35
Q

What is the colour change for successul glucose

A

blue to green/orange/brick red

36
Q

how do you test for protein

A
  • add test solution to test tube
  • add biuret solution
  • observe
37
Q

What is the colour change for successful protein

A

blue to purple

38
Q

how do you test for lipids

A
  • add test solution to test tube
  • add 2cm^3 water
  • add 3 drops of sudan III and shake gently
  • observe
39
Q

what is the colour chage for successful lipids

A

a red layer forms at the top of the solution

40
Q

What is the solution for testing startch

A

iodine solution

41
Q

What is the solution for testing glucose

A

benedict’s solution - copper sulfate

42
Q

What is the solution for testing protein

A

biuret solution - copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide

43
Q

What is the solution for testing lipids

A

Sudan III

44
Q

explain what a variegated leaf is

A

A leaf which is not just green, it is white as well so contains no chlorophyll in those regions and can’t photosynthesis in white regions

45
Q

describe the method for testing light intensity

A
  • cut pondweek at 45 angle
  • place cut end in funnel
  • put funnel in beaker and fill with water
  • add a spatula of sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • change distance of lamp and how it affects bubble number
46
Q

hwo do you calculate ligth intensity

A

1 / distance^2

47
Q

what is ligth intensity measured in

A

Au

48
Q

light intensity decreases as the distance between the light source and the plant increases, what is this called

A

inverse proportionality

49
Q

what do plants abosrb from the soil to make protein

A

nitrate ions

50
Q

if it is a sunny day what is most likely to be limiting the rate of photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide concerntration

51
Q

as a lamp is moved closer to a plant what else increases other than light intensity

A

temperature

52
Q

what other sunstance is used for food storage in plants other than starch

A

fat, oils, lipids

53
Q

why is glucose unsuitable for storage in plants

A

it is soluable

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