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Biology > Cell division (paper 2) > Flashcards

Cell division (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

.what do most cells in the human body contain

A

a nucleus

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2
Q

what does a nucleus contain

A

the genetic meterial of the cell

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3
Q

what is the genetic chemical in the nucleus called

A

DNA

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4
Q

what is DNA arranged into

A

structures call chromosomes

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5
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a coiled molecule of DNA carrying different genes

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6
Q

what is a the term for a body cell

A

somatic cell

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7
Q

how are chromosomes found in somatic cells

A

in pairs

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8
Q

why are chromosomes found in pairs

A

because each pair is inherited from the person’s mother and one from their father

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9
Q

how many chromosomes do humans contain

A

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs

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10
Q

what is the haploid number and what is it for a human

A

the number of pairs of chromosomes
23 pairs in a human

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11
Q

what is the diploid number and what is it for humans

A

the number of chromosoms in a cell
46 chromosomes

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12
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells

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13
Q

what is the female sex cell

A

an ovum

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14
Q

what is the male sex cell

A

sperm

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15
Q

what is the word for the picture of chromosomes when removed from a nucleus and arranged in order

A

a karyogram or karyotype

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16
Q

what are karyograms/karyotypes used for

A

to determine the sex of an individual and diagnose genetic disorders

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17
Q

how can you tell if an individual is female

A

they will have 2 x chromosomes

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18
Q

how can you tell if an individual is male

A

they will have one x chromosome and one y chromosome

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19
Q

how are new cells made

A

by the proccess mitosis

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20
Q

define mitosis

A

the growth and repair of tissues

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21
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the series of stages which somatic cells divide in

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22
Q

what happens in stage one of the cell cycle for mitosis (interphase)

A
  • cell increases in size
  • the DNA is replicated
  • the number of organelles is doubled
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23
Q

what happens in the second stage of the cell cycle for mitosis (prophase)

A
  • the chromosomes condense in the middle of the cell
  • half the chromosomes are pulled to one pole of the cell
  • two nuclei are formed
  • cell is split to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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24
Q

what is the longest stage of mitosis

A

when the cell grows and replicated their DNA and increases the sub-cellular structures (the first stage)

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25
Q

what do genes do

A

they carry the instructions to control a characteristic

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26
Q

what is binary fission

A

the method of asexual reproduction which single-cell organisms use to create a copy of themselves

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27
Q

in binary fission are plasmids equally shared between the daughter cells? explain?

A

No - the plasmids are shared randomly, but one loop of DNA goes to one daughter cell and the other to the other daughter cell

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28
Q

what happens in the process of binary fission

A
  • Cell replicates DNA
  • cell grows
  • cell wall forms and cell membrane invaginates
  • daughter cells formed
29
Q

what type of cells conduct binary fission

A

prokaryotic

30
Q

what is meiosis used for

A

the formation of gametes

31
Q

what is similar in the processes mitosis and meiosis

A

DNA is duplicated before cell division in both

32
Q

mitosis? meiosis?
which produces genetically identicel cells and which produces genetically unique cells

A

genetically identicle cells - mitosis
genetically unique cells - meiosis

33
Q

mitosis? meiosis?
results in haploid cells or diploid cells

A

diploid = mitosis
haploid = meiosis

34
Q

mitosis? meiosis?
occurs only at certian times of life cycle or takes place throughout lifetime

A

occurs throughout lifetime = mitosis
occurs at certain times of lifecycle = meiosis

35
Q

mitosis? meiosis?
involved in asexual or sexual reproducution

A

asexulal reproduction = mitosis
sexual reproduction = meiosis

36
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell

37
Q

what is the function of a stem cell

A

they can differentiate to become different types of specialised cells

38
Q

what are the three different types of stem cells

A
  • embryonic
  • adult
  • plant
39
Q

what is different for stem cells in animals comapred to plants

A

in animals little to no growth takes place, the same type of cells are made. in plants they are able to differentiate trhoguhtout their lives (known as meristem cells)

40
Q

what is the name given to the stem cells in plants which are undifferentated

A

meristem cells

41
Q

how are embryonic stell cells formed

A

after a sperm cell and egg fuse to form a zygote, that cell divides to form an embryo.
the inner cells of this ball are embryonic stem cells

42
Q

give an example of an adult stem cell

A

bone marrow

43
Q

what are adult stem cells described as

A

multipotent stem cells

44
Q

what are embryonic stem cells described as

A

totipotent stem cells

45
Q

where are the meristem cells found in plants

A

at the tips of roots and shoots

46
Q

what are the ethical againsts and fors in stem cell research

A

+they are treating and curing patients
+wasted embryos from fertilisation are being used
-they think its a potential life
-embryos cannot consent
-think time and money should be used to find an alternative solution

47
Q

what are the two types of reproduction

A
  • asexual
  • sexual
48
Q

evalutate asexual reproduction

A
  • involves mitosis (or buimary fission in bacteria)
  • involves only one patient
  • does not involve fusion of gametes
  • does not result in mixing genetic info
  • produces genetical identical offspring
49
Q

how can plants reproduce asexually

A

using the process vegetative reproduction

50
Q

what type of production is in animalas

A

sexual

51
Q

define sexual reproduction

A

the mixing of genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring - the offspring are genetically different to both parents

52
Q

what are the male gametes called

A

sperm

53
Q

what are the female gametes called

A

ova

54
Q

which cell division process does the formation of the gametes involve

A

meiosis

55
Q

how many chromosomes does each gamete contain

A

the haploid number of chromosomes (half)

56
Q

describe fertilisation

A
  • the ovum and sperm fuse together
  • results in single zygote cell (has full number of chromosmes)
  • zygote develops into the embryo
57
Q

what type of plants does sexual reproduction occur in

A

flowering plants

58
Q

what is the reproductive organ of any flowering plant

A

the flower

59
Q

what is the male gamete in plants

A

the stamen (anther and filament) which contain the pollen

60
Q

what is the female gamete in plants

A

the carple (stigma, style and ovary) which contains the ocules

61
Q

what happens during pollination

A

the pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma

62
Q

what happens when a cell divides to form gametes

A
  • copies of the genetic info is made
  • cell divides twice to form 4 gametes
  • each have a haploid number of chromosomes
  • all gametes are genetically different from each other
63
Q

whtat are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • genetically varied = survival advantage if change occurs
  • natural selection sped up by selective breeding
64
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • only one parent needed
  • more time and energy efficient
65
Q

give some examples of organisms that use BOTH sexual and asexual reproduction

A
  • malaria parasite (protist)
  • fungi
  • strawberry plant
  • daffodils
66
Q

how does the malaria parasite reproduce

A

sexually - when inside the mosquito
asexually - when inside the human

67
Q

how does fungi reproduce

A

sexually - releases spores sexually
asexually - releases spores asexually

68
Q

how does the strawberry plant reproduce

A

sexually - produces gametes in flowers
asexually - produce runners

69
Q

Describe mitosis

A

Cell increases in size and dna replicates
One set of chromosomes get pulled to each pole of the cell
Cell membrane and cytoplasm divide into genetically identical cells

Biology (15 decks)

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