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Biology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name a

A

suspensory ligaments

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2
Q

name b

A

iris

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3
Q

name c

A

pupil

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4
Q

name d

A

cornea

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5
Q

name e

A

lens

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6
Q

name f

A

optic nerve

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7
Q

name g

A

blind spot

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8
Q

name h

A

scelera

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9
Q

name i

A

retina

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10
Q

name j

A

ciliary muscles

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11
Q

what is the function of the scelera

A

white outer layer of the eye; it is relatively tough and strong so the eyeball is not easy to damage

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12
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

transparent area at the front of they eyeball; lets light into the ey, cureved surface to change the direction of the rays

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13
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

controls the size of the pupil; made of muscles that contract or relax to chnage the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light reaching hte retina

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14
Q

what is the function of the pupil

A

the hole which light enters the eye through

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15
Q

what is the function of the lens

A

a clear disc which ‘fine tunes’ the focusing of the light rays

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16
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles

A

change the shape of the lens to fine focus light onto the retina

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17
Q

what is the function of the retina

A

holds the light sensitive cells

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18
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

carries impulses from retina to brain

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19
Q

what is the function of the blind spot

A

the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

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20
Q

what happens to the pupil in dim light

A

the pupil is enlarged so as much light as possible enters the eye

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21
Q

what happens to the pupil in bright light

A

the iris makes the pupil very small, reducing the light entering the eye

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22
Q

why does the pupil change shape in brighter lights

A

so that too much light doesn’t damage the delicate, light-sensitive cells

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23
Q

name the process which focusses light

A

refraction

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24
Q

how is the shape of the lens changed

A

by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles

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25
Q

why is it important for light to be focused on the retina

A

if the light is focused before and past the retina then the image formed is blurry

26
Q

what is the function of the eyelid

A

protect the eye from physical harm

27
Q

where are the radial muscles in the eye

A

they run outwards from the pupil like the spokes of a wheel

28
Q

where are the circular muscles in the eye

A

arranged around the pupil

29
Q

what ar ethe two set of muscles which the iris contains

A
  • radial muscles
  • circular muscles
30
Q

describe the light rays entering your eye from a distant object

A

almost parallel

31
Q

describe the light rays entering your eye from a near object

A

diverging very strongly

32
Q

what is accomodation

A

the process of chnaging the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

33
Q

explain the eyes movements when focusing on a distant object

A
  • cilary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments are pulled tight
  • the lens is pulled flat and tight
  • light rays are only refracting slightly
34
Q

explain the eyes movemetns when focusing on a near object

A
  • cilary muscles contract
  • suspensory ligaments loosen
  • the lens is more curved and thicker
  • refracts light rays strongly
35
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to interal and external changes

36
Q

what are examples of effectors

A
  • muscles
  • glands
37
Q

what do receptors do

A

detect stimuli

38
Q

what are the coordination centres and what do they do

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • pancreas
    recieve and process information from receptors
39
Q

what are the names given to nerve cells

A

neurons

40
Q

what is the junction between neurons called

A

a synapse

41
Q

where are the two synapses

A
  • between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone
  • between the relay neurone and the motor neurone
42
Q

explain a synapse

A
  • neurotransmitter is releasedd from the end of the anox of the sensory neurone into the synaptic cleft
  • the neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap
  • passes the electrical nerve impulse to the next neurone
43
Q

what are the two responses of an effector

A
  • if muscle : contract
  • if gland : secrete a hormone
44
Q

what are the portective membranes encasing the brain called

A

meninges

45
Q

what are the three sections of the brain

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebellum
  • medula
46
Q

name the part of the brain which controls body temperature

A

the hypothalamus

47
Q

what does the cerebral cortext do

A
  • consciousness
  • intelligence
  • memory & language
48
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A
  • coordinates muscular activity
  • balance
49
Q

what does the medulla do

A
  • unconscious activities
  • control heartbeat
  • breathing
50
Q

what is the order of the reflex arc

A
  • nerve impulse
  • sensory neurone
  • relay neurone
  • motor neurone
  • muscle
51
Q

what are the two types of eye defects

A
  • myopia
  • hyperopia
52
Q

describe myopia

A
  • can see close objects in clear focus
  • distant objects look blurred
  • light is focused infront of the retina
  • lens is too curved
53
Q

explain how to treat myopia

A
  • wear glasses with a concave lens
  • spread out the light from distant objects
  • thicker lens
54
Q

describe hyperopia

A
  • can see distant objects clearly
  • close objects are blurred
  • light is focused behind the retina
  • lens is too flat annd thin
55
Q

explain how to treat hyperopia

A
  • wear glasses with a convex lens
  • converge the light rays before reaching eye itself
  • thinner lens
56
Q

what are the benefits of studying the brain

A

understanding how our brain works helps to develop new drugs and medical treatments for some disorders and diseases

57
Q

what are the risks of studying the brain

A

any surgery on the brain carriers risks of damage (due to delicate structure of the brain and the invasive procedures that are used)

58
Q

what is the internal body temperature

A

37°C

59
Q

what inside the hypothalamus controls the bodys core temperature

A

the thermoregulatory centre

60
Q

how does the thermoregulatory centre work

A

contains receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes in the blood flowing through the brain

61
Q

what happens in the process of cooling down the body

A
  • surface skin capillaries dilate (vasodilation), more blood flows through capillaries, transfer more energy by radiation from skin to the surrounds
  • produce more sweat, water evapourates transferring energy to environment
  • hairs lie flat to skin
62
Q

what happens in the process of keeping the body warm

A
  • surface skin capillaries contrict (vasoconstriction), reduces energy transferred by radiation
  • sweat production is stopped
  • skeletal muscles contract and relax rapidly, causing shivering, an exothermic reaction
  • hairs pulled erect to trap insullating layer of air

Biology (16 decks)

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