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Biology > Health and Disease > Flashcards

Health and Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is health

A

health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

what are the two types of diseases

A

communicable
non-communicable

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3
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents. They can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly

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4
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

an infectious disease which can be transmitted form person to person

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5
Q

How can comunicable diseases be trasmitted

A
  • direct contact with an affected individual
  • an indivisuals discharges (droplets when sneezing)
  • indirectly via a vector
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6
Q

what is a risk factor

A

something that increases the chance of a person having or developing a disease

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7
Q

What are the two catogries of risk factors

A
  • aspects of a person’s lifestyle
  • substances in the person’s body or environment
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8
Q

What is a casual mechanism

A

one risk factor that may be partly responsible for a disease

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9
Q

how can age be a risk factor

A

older age can result in a weakened immune system

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10
Q

how can gender be a risk factor

A

some diseases are more common in on gender than the other

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11
Q

how can your diet be a risk factor

A

unhealthy diets can lead to affected blood pressure and stress levels as well as weaker bones and immune systems

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12
Q

How cna an occupation be a risk factor

A

some jobs have higher exposure to certain illnesses or chemicals

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13
Q

how can someones local environment be a risk factor

A

from chemical pollution in water you drink or air pollution form burning fossil fuels

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14
Q

how can the spread of most diseases be reduced or prevented

A
  • simple hygiene (washing hands)
  • destroying vectors
  • isolation of infected individuals
  • vaccination
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15
Q

is a correlation the same as a casual mechanism

A

no

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16
Q

what is a correlation

A

a link between two or more things

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17
Q

are cancers non-communicable

A

yes

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18
Q

What are tumours

A

a mass of cells fromed by cells dividing in an uncontrollable way

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19
Q

What is it called when a tumour has spread to another part of the body

A

metastasis

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20
Q

what are cancers caused by

A

tumours

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21
Q

what are the types of tumours

A
  • benign
  • malignant
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22
Q

Why have cancer survival rates increased

A
  • increased medical research
  • imporved medical treatment
  • improved diagnostic methods
  • increased screening for some cancers
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23
Q

What are benign tumours

A

non-cancerous tumours which grow slowly until there is no more space for any more cells, whilst staying in the same place and not invading other tissues

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24
Q

do benign tumours invade other tissues

A

no

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25
Q

are benign tumours cancerous

A

no

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26
Q

at what rate and when until do benign tumours grow

A

slowly until there is not more space for any more cells

27
Q

What are malignant tumours

A

cancerous tumours which grow quickly, invading neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood forming secondary tumours

28
Q

what are secondary tumours

A

a metastasis - when cells from a malignant tumour spread to different body parts

29
Q

are malignant tumours cancerous

A

yes

30
Q

hwo do malignant tumours spread

A

via the blood

31
Q

What are pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause infecious diseases

32
Q

What are the four types of pathogens

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • protists
  • fungi
33
Q

what are the things bacteria produces and what do they do

A

bacteria produces toxins which damage cells and tissues

34
Q

does bacteria reproduce rapidly

A

yes

35
Q

Why are viruses classes as non-living

A

becuase they cannot reproduce on their own as they need to use te organelles in their host cel

36
Q

How do viruses work

A

they live and reproduce inside host cells
then the host cell ruptures (bursts) and releases new viral particles

37
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • contact with animals or insects
  • contact with someone else’s blood
  • contact with containated food or water
  • sexual contact
38
Q

How can bacterial diseases be treated

A

by administering antibiotics

39
Q

Can antibiotics cure any disease

A

No - only bacterial

40
Q

What is a symptom

A

any subjective evidence of a disease ~ something the person can feel (headaches, nausia)

41
Q

what is a sign

A

any objective evidence of disease that can be detected using medical tests (high temperature or blood pressure)

42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of salmonella

A
  • fever
  • vomitting
  • diarrhoea
43
Q

How do you treat salmonella

A

replace lost fluids by staying hydrated or taking rehydraytion salts

44
Q

How do you prevent gonorrhoea

A

using a barrier contraception (condom)

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

women: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, bleeding between periods
men: unusual green/yellow discharge, pain when urinating, inflammation of foreskin

46
Q

What pathogen causes measles

A

a virus

47
Q

How are measles spread

A

inhaling droplets from an infected persons sneezes or coughs

48
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of measles

A
  • fever
  • rest skin rash
49
Q

How can you prevent measles

A

getting vaccinated

50
Q

What does HIV stand for

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

51
Q

How is HIV spread

A
  • sexual contact
  • sharing contaminated needles
52
Q

What does HIV lead to

A

AIDS

53
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of HIV like

A

the flu

54
Q

How do you treat HIV

A

taking antiretroviral drugs for the rest of their life to stop the virus replicating in thier host cells

55
Q

How does HIV lead to AIDS

A

the virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells

56
Q

What is the causative agent of malaria

A

a protist

57
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A
  • fever
  • sweats and chills
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
58
Q

How is malaria spread

A
  • female mosquito feeds on blood of infected animal
  • it ingests the gametes of the protist
  • female mosquito then feeds on an uninfected animal
  • female mosquito passes on saliva containing protist
  • protist completes its life cycle in human’s liver
  • protist reproduces cuasing liver cells to rupture
  • protist then infects red blood cells
59
Q

Why is malaria becoming harder to treat

A

becuase the protist is becoming resistant to the medical drugs used to treat malaria and there is no vaccine

60
Q

How can you prevent malaria

A
  • insect repelent
  • mosquito nets
  • vector control
61
Q

What are the problems with insect repelent

A
  • people forget to reapply them
  • some mosquitoes may not be repelled with specific brands
62
Q

What are the problems with mosquito nets

A
  • not everyone has access
  • some people don’t want to use them
63
Q

What are the problems with vector control

A
  • mosquitoes have become resistant to insecticides and pesticides
  • chemicals used build up in food chains
  • mosquitoes breed quickly

Biology (15 decks)

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