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Biology > Organization in Animals > Flashcards

Organization in Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells differentiate and become specialised

A

Because the organisms develop different ways of exchanging materials

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2
Q

Define tissues

A

A group of cells with similar structure and functions

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3
Q

Define organs

A

Groups of tissues that preform a particular function

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4
Q

What does epithelial tissue do

A

it lines the inside of organs

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5
Q

What does muscular tissue do

A

it contracts and relaxes to bring about movement

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6
Q

What do glandular tissues do

A

Make and secrete chemicals like enzymes and hormones

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7
Q

Define organ system

A

Different organs combine to form organ systems to carry out major functions in the body

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8
Q

Define organisms

A

An organism is made up of organ systems that work together

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9
Q

Define Cell

A

The smallest unit of all living organisms that are the basic building blocks of all living organisms

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10
Q

Define Organelle

A

A specialized structure inside a cell that carries out a specific function within the cell

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11
Q

Why do multicellular organisms have a double circulatory system

A

To ensure all the nutrients are delivered to all the cells and that waste products are efficiently removed

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12
Q

Why can’t multicellular organisms not just rely on diffusion

A

Because the distance molecules need to travel is too big and the rate of delivery and removal would be too slow to meet the cells demands

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13
Q

What are the three components that make up the circulatory system

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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14
Q

What does the heart do in the circulatory system

A

the muscle contracts to generate a force to move the blood

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15
Q

What do the blood vessels do in the circulatory system

A

they are tubular structures that carry blood through all organs and tissues of the body

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16
Q

What does the blood do in the circulatory system

A

It is the transport medium that carries nutrients and hormones to the tissues and organs and removes the waste products from them

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17
Q

What is meant by double circulatory system

A

The blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit around the body

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18
Q

What are the two routes the blood has to take to complete a circuit around the body

A
  • The pulmonary circuit
  • The systemic circuit
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19
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Where deoxygenated blood passes from the right ventricle to the lungs and then back to the heart oxygenated

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20
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

where oxygenated blood passes from the left ventricle to the rest of the body and then returns to the heart deoxygenated

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21
Q

How is cardiac muscle different to skeletal muscle

A
  • It never fatigues
  • It doesn’t need impulses from the nervous system to contract - the heart does it itself
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22
Q

Why does the heart contract

A

to generate a force that moves the blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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23
Q

What happens to the blood when it goes to the lungs

A

Gas exchange occurs

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24
Q

Where are valves present in the heart

A
  • between the atria & the ventricles
  • at the start of the aorta
  • at the end of the vena cava
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25
Q

What is 1

A

aorta

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26
Q

What is 2

A

superior vena cava

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27
Q

what is 3

A

pulmonary artery

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28
Q

What is 4

A

pulmonary vein

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29
Q

What is 5

A

Right atrium

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30
Q

what is 6

A

valves between the atrium and the ventricle

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31
Q

What is 7

A

Right ventricle

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32
Q

What is 8

A

Inferior vena cava

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33
Q

what is 9

A

Pulmonary artery

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34
Q

What is 10

A

Pulmonary veins

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35
Q

What is 11

A

left atrium

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36
Q

What is 12

A

valves between the atrium and ventricle

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37
Q

What is 13

A

valves at the start of the aorta

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38
Q

what is 14

A

left ventricle

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39
Q

What does the aorta do

A

carries high oxygen blood to the arteries

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40
Q

What does the vena cava do

A

Carries high carbon dioxide blood back to the heart

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41
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

Carry high carbon dioxide blood to the lungs

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42
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Carries high oxygen blood from the lungs to the heart

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43
Q

What do the coronary arteries do

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls

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44
Q

What does the left side of the heart do

A

receive the oxygenated blood

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45
Q

What does the right side of the heart do

A

Receives the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

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46
Q

What tissues is the heart made up of

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
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47
Q

What is the function of the nervous tissue in the heart

A

to pass tiny electrical impulses along the nervous tissue causing the muscle cells to contract

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48
Q

What are the specialized cells called that cause the heart to contract called

A

the pacemaker

49
Q

What does the pacemaker control

A

the natural rate of the heartbeat

50
Q

Why would someone need an artificial pacemaker

A

If they were born or develop problems with their pacemaker so their heartrate is not controlled properly.

51
Q

Where is the pacemaker located

A

on the right atrium wall

52
Q

How are arteries adapted

A
  • thick walls ~ withstand high pressure
  • elastic tissue ~ walls strech when blood is forced
  • narrow lumen ~ maintain high blood pressure
53
Q

Which artery doesn’t carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

54
Q

how are capillaries adapted

A
  • one cell thick walls ~ reduce diffusion distance
  • gaps ~ allows larger molecules to exchange
55
Q

What is the function of a cappillary

A
  • exchange nutrients into the plasma (glucose)
  • exchange waste products into the plasma (carbon dioxide)
56
Q

How are veins adapted

A
  • thin walls ~ low blood pressure
  • Valves ~ maintain correct direction of flow
  • wide lumen ~ reduce resistance between blood and walls
57
Q

Which vein doesn’t carry deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary vein

58
Q

What does CHD stand for

A

Coronary heart disease

59
Q

what is CHD caused by

A

a blockage in the coronary arteries

60
Q

What blocks the coronary arteries

A

layers of fatty material building up in the walls

61
Q

What are the impacts of a blockage in the coronary arteries

A
  • narrowing
  • reduced blood flow
  • lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
62
Q

What are the symptoms of CHD

A
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • heart attack
63
Q

What are some risk factors for CHD

A
  • age
  • family history
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • high blood cholestrol
64
Q

What are stents used for

A

to keep the coronary arteries open

65
Q

What is a stent

A

A metal mesh that is inserted into an artery to keep the lumen of the artery open by pushing the wall outwards

66
Q

How is a Stent inserted

A
  • A catheter is used to insert a balloon which is inflated ~ opening artery
  • The stent is then inserted and the balloon deflated
  • Catheter and balloon are removed
67
Q

Why would someone have a stent fitted

A

When an artery narrows due to fatty deposits in the artery or natural narrowing due to age

68
Q

What are the advantages of stents

A
  • Lowers risk of heart attack for people with CHD
  • Quick effective operation with quick recovery
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents

A
  • complications can occur during surgery (heart attack)
  • Risk of infection from operation
  • Risk of blood clot ~ lead to stroke or heart attack
70
Q

What do statins do

A

Lower blood cholesterol levels

71
Q

What does lowering blood cholesterol levels do

A

Slow down the rate of fatty material deposited

72
Q

What do statins reduce

A

LDL levels

73
Q

What do statins increase

A

HDL levels

74
Q

What does HDL and LDL stand for

A
  • High-density lipoprotein
  • Low-density lipoprotein
75
Q

What does LDL cholesterol do

A

carry fat to the artery wall and increase the amount of fat deposited in the artery wall

76
Q

What does HDL cholesterol do

A

carry fat away from the artery wall and decrease the amount of fat deposited

77
Q

What are the advantages of statins

A
  • reduces risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks
  • may prevent other diseases
78
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins

A
  • Must be taken regularly over a long period of time (get forgotten)
  • Negative side effects
  • Not immediate effect
79
Q

What negative side effects do statins cause

A
  • headaches
  • kidney failure
  • liver damage
  • memory loss
80
Q

What are causes of faulty heart valves

A
  • heart attack
  • infection
  • old age
81
Q

What is the function of the heart valves

A

maintain the blood flow in one, correct direction

82
Q

What do atrio-ventricular valves do

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

83
Q

What do semilunar valves do

A

prevent back flow of blood from the blood vessel to the ventricles

84
Q

What are the consequences of faulty valves

A
  • blood doesn’t circulate as efficient and effectively
  • low oxygen supply ~ breathless
  • fatal ~ death
85
Q

What can faulty heart valves be replaces by

A

Using biological or mechanical valves

86
Q

What is the difference between biological and mechanical valves

A

mechanical values are man made
biological valves are from other humans or animals

87
Q

What are mechanical valves made from

A

titanium and polymers

88
Q

What animals can biological heart valves come from

A

cattle or pigs

89
Q

What are advantages of mechanical heart valves

A
  • last very long
  • very efficient
  • permanent
  • no ethical issues
  • more cell respiration
90
Q

What are the disadvantages of mechanical heart valves

A
  • require anticoagulants for life ~ due to risk of clotting
  • Open heart surgery needed
  • unsuitable for growing person (children)
  • risk of infection
91
Q

What are the advantages of biological heart valves

A
  • no medication needed
  • fully effective
  • more cell respiration
92
Q

What are the disadvantages of biological heart valves

A
  • need replacing after 15 years
  • risk of infection
  • risk of clotting
93
Q

why have scientist developed artificial hearts

A
  • Shortage of donor hearts in UK
  • extends patients life (bides time)
  • to allow the heart to rest
94
Q

How do artificial hearts work

A

It is a mechanical device hat supplies the valves. It doesn’t generate a force, that is generated by an external power source

95
Q

What are advantages of artificial hearts

A
  • compensates shortage of donor hearts
  • less likely to be rejected ~ metal and plastic isn’t foreign
  • no need to tissue match ~ its plastic
  • no immunosuppressants
  • gains time
96
Q

What are the disadvantage of artificial hearts

A
  • sizing
  • surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
  • temporary
  • blood flow is not smooth
  • anticoagulants to thin blood
  • may fail
  • not natural
  • battery pack inconvenience
97
Q

What is blood an example of

A

A tissue

98
Q

Describe plasma

A

liquid component of blood

99
Q

what is the function of plasma

A

carries:
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- nutrients (glucose, amino acid)
- waste products (CO2, urea)
around body

100
Q

Describe how red blood cells are adapted

A
  • biconcave shape ~ increase surface area = more oxygen absorbed
  • no nucleus ~ more room for oxygen
  • contains hemoglobin ~ binds the oxygen
101
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell

A

carry oxygen bound to haemoglobin

102
Q

What is the equation for red blood cells

A

oxygen + haemoglobin -><- oxyhaemoglobin

103
Q

what is the other word for red blood cell

A

erythocyte

104
Q

describe how a white blood cell is adpted

A
  • produces antibodies ~ break down pathogens
  • produces antitoxins ~ break down toxins
  • carries out phagocytosis ~ kills harmful molecules
105
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process white blood cells carry out to engulf bacteria or toxins, breaking them down to harmless products

106
Q

describe platelets

A
  • small fragments of cells
  • no nucleus
107
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

start the clotting process by forming a mesh over the wound to trap blood cells

108
Q

What can lack of platelets lead to

A

excessive bleeding and bruising

109
Q

What are blood products

A

components of blood prepared from donated blood

110
Q

Where are blood products prepared

A

in transfusion centres

111
Q

Why are blood components used

A

Because patients usually require a specific component of blood so its a waste to give a patient blood they may not need ~ this is called blood component therapy

112
Q

What are advantage of using blood component therapy

A
  • more patients treated
  • does of required component can be optimized
  • more cost effective and efficient
113
Q

What is the use of packed red blood cells

A

To restore oxygen carrying capacity - anaemia & blood loss

114
Q

What is the use of fresh frozen plasma

A

treating patients with excessive bleeding

115
Q

What is the use of platelets

A

Treating or preventing bleeding in patients with low platelet counts

116
Q

Why are scientists trying to make artificial blood

A

Because whole blood has a short shelf life

117
Q

What is artificial blood referred as

A

A blood substitute

118
Q

What are the characteristics of any good blood substitute

A
  • no rejection
  • long shelf life
  • easy to store & transport
  • no infections
  • good at transporting oxygen
119
Q

What is important to make sure when saline is transferred

A

It has to be without any air bubbles

Biology (18 decks)

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