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Biology > Hormonal co-ordination in animals > Flashcards

Hormonal co-ordination in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

chemicas which control the way in which parts of the body work and are transported to their target organs in the bloodstream

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3
Q

what are the hormones in this topic

A
  • insulin = pancreas
  • adrenaline = adrenal glands
  • FSH = pituitary gland
  • LH = pituitary gland
  • testosterone = testes
  • oestrogen = ovaries
  • thyroxin = thyroid glands
  • ADH = pituitary gland
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4
Q

why is glucose important

A

for respiration

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5
Q

what are the two hormones which are involved in glucose regulation

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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6
Q

where are insulin and glucagon released from and where does it go

A

the pancreas to the liver

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7
Q

when is insulin released

A

when the glucose level is too high

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8
Q

what is the effect of insulin on the liver

A

liver converts glucose into glycogen which is stored in the liver and skeletal muslces so the glucose is removed from the blood

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9
Q

when is glucagon released

A

when the glucose levels are too low

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10
Q

what is the effect of glucagon on the liver

A

liver converts glycogen to glucose so glucose is released into the blood

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11
Q

what mechanism keeps blood glucose levels constant

A

negative feedback

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12
Q

describe negative feedback

A
  • when the internal factor rises above the normal level, the body lowers the factor
  • when the internal factor falls below the normal level, the body raises the factor
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13
Q

what happens if your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin

A

you get type 1 diabetes

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14
Q

what is diabetes

A

when you don’t produce enough insulin so you blood glucose level gets very high and you excrete glucose in your urine

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15
Q

what are the impacts of diabetes

A
  • feel very thirsty
  • lack energy & feel tired
  • lose weight
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16
Q

when does type two diabetes get more common

A
  • people get older
  • people get obese
  • lacking exercise
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17
Q

what may well-managed diabetes cause problems with even still

A

the cirulatory system
- kidneys
- eyesight

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18
Q

How do you treat type 1 diabetes

A

you have to take replacement insulin before meals as an injection

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19
Q

what must you bear in mind if you have type 1 diabetes

A
  • carbohydrate levels you eat
  • regualr meals
  • exercise
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20
Q

how is water taken into the body

A

through ingesting food and drink

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21
Q

how does water leave the body

A
  • via the lungs in exhalation
  • from the skin in sweat
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22
Q

what is removed by the kidneys

A
  • excess water
  • excess ions
  • urea
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23
Q

what do the kidneys do with glucose

A

they reabsorb all the glucose to return it to the blood plasma

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24
Q

what is the function fo the kidneys

A

to produce urine by filtration and selective reabsorbtion of useful substances suh as glucose, some ions and water

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25
Q

what happens if the bdy cells gain or lose too much water

A

they do not function properly

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26
Q

how is the water concerntration maintained at a constant level

A

by nnegative feedback involving the hormone ADH

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27
Q

where is the ADH secreted from

A

pituitary gland

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28
Q

why may the kidneys fail

A
  • can be damaged or destroyed by infection
  • fail due to genetic problems
  • damaged due to an accident
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29
Q

what cna untreated failure to both kidneys leadd to

A

death

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30
Q

how can kidney failure be treated

A
  • dialysis = the function is carried out artificially
  • kidney transplant = failed replaced with healthy one
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31
Q

what happens in a dialysis machine

A

the kidney machine consists of a partially permeable membrane that seperates the arterial blood from a dialysis fluid. The blood and dialysis fluid are constantly circulated through the machine.

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32
Q

what are the tiny tubes in the kidney called

A

nephrons

33
Q

what is the process in which removes the amino groupd from amino acids

A

deamination

34
Q

where does deamination occur

A

the liver

35
Q

what does deamination form

A

ammonia, which is then immediately converted into urea

36
Q

where is urine stored in the body

A

the bladder

37
Q

if you are dehydrated what is the concerntration of your urea in the urine like

A

highly concerntrated

38
Q

what happens if the water content is too high in the plasma

A

less ADH is secreted
- decreasing the permeablity of the kidney tubules
- less water is reabsorbed
- greater volume of urine is produced

39
Q

what cautions do people on dialysis have to take

A
  • control their protein intake = urea levels low
  • control salt intake = cannot remove excess mineral ions
  • may feel tired or unwell before sessions
  • regular long sessions
40
Q

decribe the process of dialysis

A
  • blood leaves arm through artery
  • blood passed through a pump (maintain pressure)
  • anticoagulants addded to prevent clotting
  • thinned blood enters machine
  • blood passes over dialysis membrane
  • fluid flows in opposite direction to blood
  • waste materials removed (diffuse down gradient)
  • glucose not removed
  • filtered blood flows through bubble trap
  • filtered blood returned to vein
41
Q

what is the main problem with a donor kidney

A

kidney has different antigens on cell sruface to the recipients - antibodies will attack the antigens on the donor organ = rejection and destruction

42
Q

how do you reduce the risk of rejection of a donor kidney

A
  • do a tissue match so the anigens are similar
  • take immunosuppresant drugs for the rest of life
43
Q

what is the disadvantage of immunosuppresants

A

they revent the patiens from dealing effectively wiht infectious diseases, will havae to take great care when falling ill

44
Q

what are the advantages of a transplant

A
  • can lead a normal life with no regular trips to the hospital
  • long term cost is low
  • good success rate
45
Q

what are the disadvantages of a transplant

A
  • take immunosuppresants for life
  • repeated after 10 years
  • shortage in donors
  • tissue matching is essencial
  • must be transplanted within 12 hours
  • irradiation of bone marror must occur
46
Q

what are the hormones in the mentrual cycle

A
  • FSH = pituitary
  • Oestrogen = ovaries
  • LH = pituitary
  • Progesterone = ovaries
47
Q

what is the average length of the mentrual cycle

A

28days

48
Q

what does FSH do

A
  • matures the eggs in the ovaries
  • stimulates the production of oestrogen
49
Q

what does oestrogen do

A
  • stimulates the lining of the urterus to thivken adter menstruation
  • inhibit the production of FSH
  • sitmulate the production of LH
50
Q

what does LH do

A
  • stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary
  • levels will fall after ovulation
51
Q

when is progesterone secreted

A

by the empty eggg follicle in the ovary after ovulation

52
Q

what does prgesterone do

A
  • helps maintain a preganancy is egg fertilised
  • inhibits both FSH and LH
  • maintains lining of the uterus so it is ready to recieve a developing embryo
53
Q

how many stages of the mentrual cycle are there

A

4 : day1, 4, 14, 28

54
Q

desribe the mentrual cycle

A
  • day 1 = uterus lining breaks down
  • day 4 = lining builds up again
  • day 14 = an egg is released (lasts 3 days)
  • day 28 = lining stays thick awaiting fertilised egg, if not cycle repeats
55
Q

when is the folicular phase of the mentural cycle

A

day 1 - 14(ovulation)

56
Q

when is the iuteal phase

A

day 14 - 28 (awaiting ferilisation)

57
Q

what are the oral cotraception methods

A
  • oestrogen pill
  • progesterone pill
  • combined pill
58
Q

what are the tempory methods of contraception

A
  • patches
  • injection
  • implant
59
Q

what are the barrier methods of contraception

A
  • condoms
  • femidoms
  • diaphram
60
Q

what are the intrauterine methods of contraception

A
  • progesterone IUDs
  • copper IUDs
61
Q

what are natural methods of contraception

A
  • rythem method
  • adstainence
62
Q

what are the surgical methods of contraception

A
  • tubal ligation
  • vasectromy
63
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

the cutting of the sperm ducts to lrevent ejacualation of sperm

64
Q

what are the types of fertility treatments

A
  • hormone treatment
  • in vitro fertilitsation
65
Q

how does a hormone treatment work

A

FSH and LH are given to women with low fertality to stimulate ovulation

66
Q

what are the benefits and disadvantages of the hormone treatments for infertality

A

+increases the chnace of pregnancy
-not always successful = expensive
-lead to women producing more than one egg at ovulation = risk of multiple births

67
Q

how does in vitro fertillisation work

A
  • woman given FSH & LH to produce mature eggs
  • eggs collected from ovary
  • sperm collected from male on same day
  • sperm injected into mature egg in lab
  • embryos develop and transferred into uterus
68
Q

when does in vitro fertillisation take place

A
  • woman has blocked fallopian tubes
  • male sperm count or motility is low
69
Q

what are the benefits and disadvantages of in vitro fertillisation

A

+inreases chance of infertile cpupble giving birth
-multiple births can occur
-success rate is very low (26%)
-stressful procedure
-can experience side effects

70
Q

where is thyroxine produced

A

the thyroid gland

71
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

control cell metabolism

72
Q

what controls thyroxine levels

A

negative feedback

73
Q

describe the negative feedback for thyroxine

A

as levels of thyroxine increase in the bloodstream TSH is inhibited

74
Q

what does TSH do

A

stimulate the production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland

75
Q

where is adrenaline produced

A

the adrenal glands

76
Q

what controls the levels of adrenaline

A

positive feedback = further enhanced changes are further changed in the same direction

77
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline

A
  • heart rate and breathing rate increases
  • stored glycogen converted to glucose for respiration
  • mental awareness increased
  • blood diverted away from digestive system to the muscles in limbs
78
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

prepares body for fight or flight by boosting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles

79
Q

does adrenaline involve negative feedback

A

no

Biology (16 decks)

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