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Biology > Organization in plants > Flashcards

Organization in plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an organelle

A

a structure within a cell

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2
Q

Give two examples of a cell

A

palisade cell
root hair cell

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3
Q

Give two examples of a tissue

A

Meristem tissue
Vascular tissue

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4
Q

Give two examples of an organ

A

Flower
Leaf

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5
Q

Give two examples of an organ system

A

shoots
roots

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6
Q

Give two examples of an organism

A

Plant
Tree

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7
Q

What is A

A

Waxy cuticle

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8
Q

What is B

A

upper epidermis

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9
Q

What is C

A

Chloroplasts

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10
Q

What is D

A

Vacuole

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11
Q

What is E

A

Xylem vein

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12
Q

What is F

A

Phloem vein

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13
Q

What is G

A

Lower epidermis

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14
Q

What is H

A

Waxy cuticle

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15
Q

What is I

A

Air channel

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16
Q

What is J

A

Stoma

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17
Q

What is K

A

Guard cells

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18
Q

What is L

A

Spongy Mesophyll

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19
Q

What is M

A

Palisade Mesophyll

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20
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle

A

To help prevent water loss through evaporation

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21
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis

A

To allow light through to the chloroplasts

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22
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll

A

To increase rate of gas exchange

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23
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts

A

To perform photosynthesis

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24
Q

What is the function of the guard cells

A

To take in or lose water by osmosis to open or close the stomata

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25
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll

A

The cells contain lots of chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

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26
Q

What is the function of the phloem vein

A

To transport dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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27
Q

What is the function of the stomata

A

To let gases diffuse in and out of the leaf

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28
Q

What is the function of the xylem vein

A

To transport water and mineral ions up the plant

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29
Q

How do plants produce glucose

A

By the process of photosynthesis

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30
Q

What is glucose needed for in plants

A

respiration

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31
Q

Are the cells living or dead in the xylem

A

dead

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32
Q

Are the cells living or dead in the phloem

A

living

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33
Q

What are the contents of cells in the xylem

A

Hallow cells
Strengthened by lignin

34
Q

What are the contents of cells in the phloem

A

Cytoplasm and cell sap

35
Q

What is the arrangement of the cells like in the xylem

A

joined end to end

36
Q

What is the arrangement of the cells like in the phloem

A

Elongated

37
Q

What is the direction of transport like in the xylem

A

from root hair cells in the roots to the stem and leaves

38
Q

What is the direction of transport like in the phloem

A

up and down the plant

39
Q

What are the substances transported in the xylem

A

water and mineral ions

40
Q

What are the substances transported in the phloem

A

dissolved sugars

41
Q

What is the key process involved in the xylem

A

Transpiration

42
Q

What is the key process involved in the phloem

A

Translocation

43
Q

What gas diffuse into the leaf through the stomata

A

Carbon dioxide

44
Q

What gases diffuse out of the leaf through the stomata

A

Water vapour
Oxygen

45
Q

Describe what happens to the guard cells when the stomata open

A

Guard cells absorb water through osmosis, becoming turgid, causing the stoma to widen and open.

46
Q

Describe what happens to the guard cells when the stomata close

A

Guard cells lose water through osmosis, becoming flaccid, causing the stoma to narrow and close

47
Q

How do the roots take up water from the soil

A

By osmosis

48
Q

What are the specialized cells that absorb water from the soil

A

Root hair cells

49
Q

What drives the transpiration stream

A

the loss of water vapour

50
Q

What makes transpiration quicker

A

increased air temperatures
increased light intensity
increased air movement
low humidity

51
Q

Describe the transpiration stream

A

The roots absorb water through root hair cells by osmosis. The water and minerals travel up the xylem to the leaves. Water turns into water vapour by evaporation and is lost through the stomata. More water is absorbed replacing the water that was lost.

52
Q

Why does increase in temperature speed up the transpiration stream

A
  • The temperature goes up
  • Kinetic energy of the water vapour goes up
  • Faster diffusion and transpiration
53
Q

Why does increase in air movement speed up the transpiration stream

A
  • Water vapour outside the left gets blown away
  • The concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the leaf is maintained
  • More diffusion and transpiration
54
Q

Why does increase in light intensity speed up the transpiration stream

A
  • More light means more photosynthesis
  • This means more stomata open to let CO2 diffuse in
  • This increases diffusion and transpiration
55
Q

Why does low humidity speed up the transpiration stream

A
  • Low humidity = less water vapour molecules outside the leaf
  • This maintains the concentration gradient
  • Causing water vapour molecules to diffuse faster and transpiration to be quicker
56
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

57
Q

In the roots where do you find the root hair cell

A

In the epidermis layer

58
Q

Why do roots have root hair cells

A

To increase the surface area and therefore make the process of osmosis quicker

59
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted

A
  • It is large to make a larger surface area for more osmosis
  • It’s outer epidermal layer is one cell think for a short osmosis pathway
60
Q

Where does the phloem tissue transport dissolved sugars from

A

The sources, which are the leaves, once photosynthesis has occured

61
Q

Where are the dissolved sugar transported to by the phloem

A

To the sinks, which is the rest of the plant

62
Q

What is translocation

A

The movement of dissolved sugars (food) through the phloem tissue

63
Q

How can cell sap move from one phloem cell to another

A

Because the cells have walls with pores between them

64
Q

What is the sugar transported by the phloem used for

A

Respiration or converted into starch for storage

65
Q

What does a potometer do

A

A potometer can be used to investigate the rate of transpiration in plants

66
Q

What are the two types of potometers

A
  • Mass potometer
  • Bubble potometer
67
Q

Why do potometers not provide an accurate value for the amount of water traspired

A

Because some of the water taken up by the roots will be used in photosynthesis or to provide turgor

68
Q

How does a weight potometer work

A
  • Apparatus & plant are weighed & then left
  • When reweighed the amount of water lost can be calculated
69
Q

Why is a bubble potometer set up underwater

A

To prevent the entry of any unwanted air bubbles

70
Q

In a bubble potometer why is the junction between the shoot and potometer sealed

A

To prevent any air leaks

71
Q

What does meristem tissue do in plants

A

It allows the plant to grow by changing into different plant cells

72
Q

How is the palisaded mesophyll adapted

A

It is at the top of the leaf for maximized light absorption and contains lots of chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll which is what absorbs the light for photosynthesis

73
Q

Define transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour through the stomata by diffusion

74
Q

What is the transpiration stream

A

The constant stream of water absorbed, transported up the xylem to the leaves and out of the stomata

75
Q

What two forces moves water up the xylem

A
  • Adhesive forces
  • Cohesive forces
76
Q

What is adhesion

A

Adhesion is the attraction between each water molecule and the xylem vessle walls

77
Q

What is cohesion

A

Cohesion is the attraction among (between) the water molecules, it holds the water together

78
Q

What vein is A in the cross-section of the stem

A

Phloem

79
Q

What vein is B in the cross-section of the stem

A

Xylem

80
Q

What vein is A in the cross-section of the root

A

Xylem

81
Q

What vein is B in the cross-section of the root

A

Phloem

Biology (18 decks)

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