Photosynthesis

Question 1

How do photosynthetic organisms or photoautotrophs get their nutrients?

Answer 1

absorb carbon dioxide, water and radiant energy from the environment through photosynthesis and transform these components into sugar and oxygen

Question 2

how do heterotrophs get their nutrients?

Answer 2

they can not synthesize their own glucose and therefore must obtain their energy from other living things in their environment. they are completely dependent on photoautotrophs for food

Question 3

what is the appearance of two different types of leaves?

Answer 3

1. deciduous leaves are thin and broad
2. Needle Leaves are thin and narrow

Question 4

what is the purpose of a leaf?

Answer 4

to increase the surface area exposed to the sun and limit the distance important gases must travel to reach chloroplast

Question 5

what is chlorophyll?

Answer 5

the only plant organelle containing chlorophyll, the photosynthetic active pigment

Question 6

why are leafs coated with a waxy cuticle?

Answer 6

to prevent excess light absorptions and water evaporation

Question 7

what is the appearance of the epidermis layers?

Answer 7

a transparent colourless layer of cells below to cuticle

Question 8

what is the function of the epidermis layers?

Answer 8

Prevent water loss

allow light to pass through to the mesophyll cells

Question 9

what is the mesophyll of the plant leaf?

Answer 9

the photosynthetic cells that form the bulk of the plant leaf.

Question 10

what is an important note about chloroplast in the mesophyll?

Answer 10

chloroplast are most abundant in the spongy and palisade mesophyll

Question 11

what is the difference between spongy and palisade cells?

Answer 11

SPongy cells are more spread out with air spaces between them. Palisade cells are more tightly packed together and possess more chloroplast because there are more cells present

Question 12

what is the function of the vascular bundles?

Answer 12

they are needed to transport water and minerals to the leaves from the roots and carbohydrates produced from photosynthesis from the leaves to the roots.

Question 13

where are the guard cells located?

Answer 13

on the lower epidermis

Question 14

what is the function of stomata cells?

Answer 14

regulate the gas exchange with the environment and allow water to escape by transpiration (releasing water vapour from the air to the leaves)

Question 15

what is transpiration?

Answer 15

the evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plant ( parts of the plant that are above the soil including the stem, leaves, and petioles) with the help of the stomata

Question 16

what are the two benefits of transpiration?

Answer 16

1. helps pull more water vapour and other substances from the roots where they are absorbed into the leaves where they are used
2. has an evaporative cooling effect. Prevents leaves from heating to temperatures that could inhibit or even denature enzymes catalysing photosynthetic reactions

Question 17

what are the two benefits of transpiration?

Answer 17

1. helps pull more water vapour and other substances from the roots where they are absorbed into the leaves where they are used
2. has an evaporative cooling effect. Prevents leaves from heating to temperatures that could inhibit or even denature enzymes catalyzing photosynthetic reactions

Question 18

how are stomata controlled by the guard cells?

Answer 18

stomata opens when the guard cells or swollen and closes when the guard cells are limp

Question 19

what is the size of the guard cells determined by?

Answer 19

the direction of osmosis (water moving in and out of the cell)

Question 20

what direction does osmosis flow?

Answer 20

the direction of osmosis flow in the same direction of potassium ions across the guard cell membrane

Question 21

how does potassium concentration influence when the guard cells open?

Answer 21

when the concentration of potassium is high outside, the potassium ions flow in to balance of the concentration. water follows, and the cell swells. the swollen cells buckle outward, therefore, opening the stomata

Question 22

how does pottaisum ion concentation influence when the guard cells close?

Answer 22

When the concentration of potassium is high inside the leaf the potassium ions move out the balance of the concentration. water follows, the guard cells sag and the stomata close

Question 23

when does the stomata open and close and why?

Answer 23

stomata open during the day and close at night. The morning sun activates receptors on the guard cells membrane which activate the proton pumps. the proton pump drive protons out and the electrochemical gradient that results drives potassium ions in to balance gradient. water follows, the cells swell, stomata open.

Question 24

when do the stomata open and close and why?

Answer 24

stomata open during the day and close at night. The morning sun activates receptors on the guard cells membrane which activate the proton pumps. the proton pump drive protons out and the electrochemical gradient that results drives potassium ions in to balance gradient. water follows, the cells swell, stomata open.

Question 25

What do photosynthetic pigments do?

Answer 25

Absorb light energy and begin the process of photosynthesis

Question 26

What is the structure of chlorophyll

Answer 26

Contains a porphyria ring attached to a long hydrocarbon tail

Question 27

What is the structure of prophyrin?

Answer 27

Contains an Mg atom at its center surrounded by a hydrocarbon ring with alternating single and double bonds

Question 28

where are delocalized electrons found?

Answer 28

in the alternating bonds of the porphyrin ring attached to a long hydrocarbon tail.

Question 29

what does the porphyrin rind do

Answer 29

absorbs light energy and begins photosynthesis

Question 30

what is the difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

Answer 30

Chlorophyll a contains a methyl group at the R position

-chlorophyll b contains an aldehyde at the ar position

Question 31

what is the significance of the functional groups in chlorophyll

Answer 31

the functional groups affect the type of light energy the molecules can absorb

Question 32

what does the phytol tail do?

Answer 32

anchors the molecules in a membrane associating with the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 33

where does photosynthesis occur

Answer 33

partially within the stroma and partially within the thylakoid membrane