4.5 Endocrine System Part B

Question 1

What are steroids?

Answer 1

Hormones or chemical substances

Question 2

What are hormones derived from?

Answer 2

The lipid molecule cholesterol

Question 3

What elements are steroids composed of?

Answer 3

They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen rings

Question 4

What is a characteristic of steroids in terms of solubility?

Answer 4

Steroids are soluble in water

Question 5

Where in the body are steroids made?

Answer 5

Made in the adrenal glands and gonads

Question 6

Where the adrenal gland located?

Answer 6

Above the kidney (on top of the kidney)

Question 7

How many adrenal glands are there?

Answer 7

Two

Question 8

What is the outer adrenal cortex regulated by?

Answer 8

Hormones Cortisol and aldosterone

Question 9

What is the inner adrenal medulla regulated by?

Answer 9

Nerves epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 10

What is estrogen?

Answer 10

Secondary sexual characteristic in females

Question 11

What is estrogen used for? EPM

Answer 11

Egg production

Pregnancy preparation

Regulation of menstrual cycle

Question 12

What is progesterone used for in the body? BPR

Answer 12

Regulation of female menstrual cycle

Pregnancy preparation

Birth preparation

Question 13

What is testosterone?

Answer 13

Secondary sexual characteristics in males

Question 14

What is testosterone use for?

Answer 14

The production of sperm

Question 15

What some gonoic steroids?

Answer 15

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 16

what is secreted during a stress reaction? what affect does this reaction have?

Answer 16

An enhance secretion of a number of hormones such as glucocorticoids catecholemine, growth hormone and prolactin. This effect increases the movement of energy sources and adapt an individual to new circumstances

Question 17

What does glucocorticoids or cortisol promote the conversion of? how does it increase blood sugar?

Answer 17

The hormone promotes the conversion to amino acids to glucose by increasing fat breakdown to fatty acids. It also decreased glucose uptake by the muscle cells and brings about an increase in blood sugar in response to stress

Question 18

Where are catecholamines released from? what does this reaction cause? (8)

Answer 18

Pituitary releases catecholamines. This leads to increased cardiac output (the quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time), skeletal muscle blood flow, sodium retention, reduces intestinal movement, cutaneous (skin) vasoconstriction (thermoregulatory response to cold exposure), increased glucose, bronchiolar dilatation and behavioral activation.

Question 19

when is vasopressin released? Where is it released from? what does it stimulate the release of? During chronic stress, what is there a preferentiable expression of?

Answer 19

Acute stress leads to the rapid release of vasopressin from the hypothalamus along with the corticotropin-releasing hormone or CRH. Vasopressin can also stimulate the secretion of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH from the pituitary thereby enhancing the effect of CRH. During chronic stress, there is a preferential expression of hypothalamic vasopressin over CRH. This has the effect of decreasing hypothalamic response by negative feedback – thereby keeping stress hormones consistently high.

Question 20

what happens to gonadotropins during stress? what does this cause? what can prolong exposure to stress cause? what happens to the gonadotropin releasing hormone?

Answer 20

In stress, there is suppression of circulating gonadotropins and gonadal steroid hormones leading to disruption of the normal menstrual cycle. Prolonged exposure to stress can lead to complete impairment of reproductive function. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (which stimulates sex hormone release) to the pituitary is decreased, due to increased endogenous (internal) CRH secretion.

Question 21

what happens to thyroid during stressful conditions? T3 and T4 levels? what happens to the thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 21

Thyroid function is usually down-regulated during stressful conditions. T3 and T4 levels (a measure of thyroid hormones) decrease with stress. Stress inhibits the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion through the action of glucocorticoids (ACTH, cortisol) on the central nervous system.

Question 22

What type of stress releases the growth hormone? what happens to growth hormone levels during stress? what are the effects of growth hormones during psychological stress?

Answer 22

The growth hormone (GH) level is increased during acute physical stress. The level can increase up to two- to tenfold. Because of its insulin-antagonistic effect (does not like insulin), growth hormone may enhance metabolic activity. In psychological stress, however, growth hormone responses are rarely seen. Rather there is a growth hormone secretory defect with prolonged psychosocial stress.

Question 23

what can happen to prolactin levels during stress

Answer 23

Depending on the local regulatory environment at the time of stress, prolactin levels can either increase or decrease. However, the significance of the change in the prolactin level is uncertain. It may affect the immune system or some aspect of homeostasis.

Question 24

what happens to insulin during stress?

Answer 24

Insulin may decrease during stress. This along with an increase in its antagonistic hormones can contribute to stress-induced hyperglycemia.

Question 25

what is the function of white adipose tissue? het

Answer 25

control hunger

energy expenditure

body temperature