2.1 Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The study of simple carbon compounds such as those found in plants and animals and synthetic complex carbon compounds such as petroleum products and byproducts
Which two elements can be mistaken for organic but are not?
Carbonates (CO -2) and cyanide (CN-)
Organic vs Inorganic in terms of amount in the world
There are far more organic than inorganic molecules. There are well over 5 million organic molecules and many thousands being identified every year. this is because carbon has a unique structure of four valence electrons forming four separate covalent bonds in compounds. Carbon has the ability to bond to itself repeatedly, making long chains of carbon atoms, as well as ringed structures.
Why are there so many organic compounds?
Carbon can form 4 bonds making it a very versatile element to bond with other atoms
What are the six most common elements in order of available?
CHNOPS
What are Hydrocarbons? Describe structure. Are they polar or non polar? What can they form? (8)
-they are the largest group of carbon compounds
-vary in length
-they are long chains of carbons covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms and other carbon atoms
-they have double or triple bonds that vary in location
-can be branched or unbranched
-they can form rings or cyclic shapes
-they are non polar and almost all are hydrophobic
-can be alipathic or aromatic depending on the benzene ring
What are the prefixs that represent the number of carbons
Meth (1), Eth (2), Prop (3), But (4), Pent (5), Hex (6)
What functional group do are alcohols have? How is the functional group formed? What is the general formula? What are the characteristics of alcohols? What does its name ends in? (5)
-it has a hydroxyl functional group
-the general formula is R-OH
-an alcohol is replaced by a hydrogen from the hydrocarbon replacing it with a hydroxyl radical
-characteristics of alcohols are determined from the hydroxyl group, they are polar and soluble in water
-name ends in ol
What is the simplest alcohol?
Methanol CH3OH
Meaning it is made of only one carbon
What are alcohols with only one hydroxyl group called?
Monohydroxyalcohols
What is a very important trihydroxy alcohol? What is its chemical reaction formula?
-Glycerol
-3 fatty acids + glycerol —-> triglyceride + 3H2O
What is the most common fat
Triglyceride
What is the functional group of aldehydes? How is its functional group formed? What is the general formula? What are the characteristics of aldehydes determined by? What are the characteristics of aldehydes (4)
-the functional group is carbonyl group
-formed by replacing an H at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
-general formula is an R-C=O-H group
-characteristics of aldehydes are determined by C=O group, they are polar, soluble, and lose electrons readily to (oxidize) to form carboxylic acids
What do aldehydes name end in?
Name ends in “al”
What is an aldehydes simplest form?
Methanal also called formaldehyde
What are aldehydes the precursor for?
Simple sugar in linear form
What is the functional group of ketones? How is the functional group formed?
- the functional group is a carbonyl group
-formed by replacing and H in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain with an oxygen atom
What do molecules with ketones name end in?
“one”
What is the simplest ketone
Propanone CH3COCH3
Because there has to be an oxygen in the middle
What are ketones the precusers for?
The formation of some simple sugar when fructose is in linear form
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids? How is the functional group formed?
-the functional group is a carboxyl (COOH)
-formed by replacing an H at the end of a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen and hydroxyl group
What are the characteristics of carboxylic acid?
Polar, soluble, dissociates to produce H+ ions in solutions that are acid, highly reactive
What do the name of carboxylic acids end in?
“oic acid”
What is the simplest carboxylic acid?
Methanoic acid
What are carboxylic acids found in?
amino acids and fats
what do carboxylic acids react with to form esters?
they react with alcohol to form esters
what do esters react with to form alcohol, organic and inorganic acids? what are the most common esters derived from?
-any of a class of organic compounds that react with water to produce alcohols and organic or inorganic acids.
-Esters derived from carboxylic acids are the most common.
what are the functional group of amines? how is the functional group formed
- the functional group is an amino group
-formed by replacing an H at the end of a hydrocarbon chain with an NH2
what are the characteristics of amines?
-they are polar, soluble in water, and dissociate to form OH ions (bases)
what does the name of amines end in? what is the simplest amine?
-“amine”
methanamine
why are amines important to amino acids?
Amines are present in every amino acid and are a vital part of amino acids as it enables the amino acid to act as a base under specific conditions like the way the carboxylic acid group allows the amino acid to function as an acid.
how are amides formed?
- the amino group of one amino acid reacts with
the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid to
form amides
why is amide bonding important?
-amide bonding, also known as peptide bonding, is one of the most important reactions in biochemistry as it is the bond used between amino acids to form proteins
what is the functional group of thiols? what is the general formula? what does thiols name end in? where are thiols founds?
-the functional group is sulphide-SH
-R-SH
-the names ends in “thiol”
-thiols are found in the variable R group of some amino acids
is phosphate an organic molecule? what is the functional group of phosphate?
-phosphate is not an organic molecule but has a crucial role in biology
-the functional group is phosphate, the phosphate molecular formula is H2PO4
describe the structure of phosphates
-there is a phosphate attached to a carbonyl on the top, an oxygen on the left connected to the R group, and two hydroxyl groups on the bottom and right
what are the characteristics of phosphates (2)? what are phosphates an important component of?
- they are very soluble and highly polar
-an important component of nucleic acids DNA, RNA, ATP
