2.12 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Cellular respiration is the process where cells break down simple food molecules (glucose) and release the energy (ATP) they contain.

Question 2

what do organism use as their primary energy source? which organism are the exception

Answer 2

glucose

-chemoautotrophs are the exception

Question 3

what happens in cellular respiration?

Answer 3

through a series of enzyme controlled redox reactions, organisms break the covalent bonds in glucose and rearrange them into into new more stable conformations and release free energy in the process

Question 4

what is a redox reaction?

Answer 4

redox reaction, also known as a oxidation reduction reaction, is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between two different chemicals Oxidation is the loss of elections. Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question 5

what is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6O –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose + six oxygens –> six carbon dioxides + 6 waters + energy

Question 6

what are the three goals of cellular respiration? BMT

Answer 6

1. break the 6 carbons in glucose to make 6 carbon dioxides
2. move the hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen to make six waters
3. trap as much energy released in the form of ATP

Question 7

what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 7

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport

Question 8

what is the the substrate level phosphorylation method of making ATP?

Answer 8

a type of metabolic reaction where a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP with the help of a phosphorylated reactive intermediate substrate

Question 9

how many ATPs are produced from glycolysis and the krebs cycle using the substrate level phosphorylation method of making ATP?

Answer 9

glycolysis produces 4 ATP’s (2 net since 2 are used)

krebs cycle produces 2 ATPs

Question 10

what is the oxidative phosphorylation method of making ATP?

Answer 10

a metabolic pathway in which your mitochondria use their structure, enzymes, and the energy released from the oxidation of nucleotide derivative (NAD+ and FAD) to make ATP. the process involves a series of redox reactions with oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Question 11

what is ATP synthase

Answer 11

the enzyme that helps the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Question 12

why is the attachment of phosphate to glucose in the first step of glycolysis necessary?

Answer 12

the addition of phosphate to the glucose traps glucose inside the cell since glucose with a phosphate can not readily cross the membrane

Question 13

what molecules was used in step one of glycolysis?

Answer 13

1 adenosine triphosphate

1 glucose molecules

Question 14

what molecules was produced in step one of glycolysis?

Answer 14

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 15

what is the attachment of a second phosphate necessary in step 3?

Answer 15

fructose-6-phosphate tends to revert back to glucose-6-phosphate because it is highly unstable. the addition of a phosphate prevents that

Question 16

what important molecule was used in step 3 of glycolysis?

Answer 16

adenosine triphosphate

Question 17

what important molecule was produced in step 3 of glycolysis?

Answer 17

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Question 18

what is significant about how fructose 1,6 bisphosphate splits in step 4

Answer 18

the products are isomers of each other

Question 19

what major product are you left with at the end of step 5 of glycolysis?

Answer 19

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 20

what important concept is vital to remember from step 5 moving forward?

Answer 20

only glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate continues in the glycolic pathway

Question 21

what important molecules is used in step 6 of glycolysis?

Answer 21

-two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates

-2 phosphates

-2 NAD+

Question 22

what important molecules is produced in step 6 of glycolysis?

Answer 22

-two 1,3 bisphosphoglycerates

-two NADH that will go to the ETC

-two hydrogens that will go through the electron transport chain

Question 23

what important molecules is used in step 7 of glycolysis?

Answer 23

-two 1,3-bisphosglycerates

-two ADP

Question 24

what important molecules are produced in step 7 of glycolysis?

Answer 24

-two-3-phosphoglycerate

-two ATP

Question 25

why is the removal of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen in step 8 and the removal of water in step 9 necessary?

Answer 25

-it weakens the bond holding the phosphate so it can easily be removed to make ATP

Question 26

what important molecules is used in step 10 of glycolysis?

Answer 26

-two phosphonelpyruvate

-two ADP

-two hydrogens

Question 27

what important molecules is produced in step 10 of glycolysis?

Answer 27

-two pyruvate

-two ATP

Question 28

what steps are ATP used (the rate limiting steps)

Answer 28

steps 1 and 3

Question 29

what steps are ATP produced?

Answer 29

steps 7 and 10

Question 30

what is the net yeild of ATP in glycolysis

Answer 30

two ATPs

Question 31

what other molecules of glycolysis where at step10?

Answer 31

-two NADH

-two waters

Question 32

what molecules produced from glycolysis head to the next stage of cellular respiration?

Answer 32

-2 pyruvate molecules

Question 33

what is the role of ATP and ADP in glycolysis?

Answer 33

To regulate glycolysis