2.12 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
what is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process where cells break down simple food molecules (glucose) and release the energy (ATP) they contain.
what do organism use as their primary energy source? which organism are the exception
glucose
-chemoautotrophs are the exception
what happens in cellular respiration?
through a series of enzyme controlled redox reactions, organisms break the covalent bonds in glucose and rearrange them into into new more stable conformations and release free energy in the process
what is a redox reaction?
redox reaction, also known as a oxidation reduction reaction, is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between two different chemicals Oxidation is the loss of elections. Reduction is the gain of electrons.
what is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose + six oxygens –> six carbon dioxides + 6 waters + energy
what are the three goals of cellular respiration? BMT
- break the 6 carbons in glucose to make 6 carbon dioxides
- move the hydrogen atom electrons from glucose to oxygen to make six waters
- trap as much energy released in the form of ATP
what are the four stages of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- krebs cycle
- electron transport
what is the the substrate level phosphorylation method of making ATP?
a type of metabolic reaction where a phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP with the help of a phosphorylated reactive intermediate substrate
how many ATPs are produced from glycolysis and the krebs cycle using the substrate level phosphorylation method of making ATP?
glycolysis produces 4 ATP’s (2 net since 2 are used)
krebs cycle produces 2 ATPs
what is the oxidative phosphorylation method of making ATP?
a metabolic pathway in which your mitochondria use their structure, enzymes, and the energy released from the oxidation of nucleotide derivative (NAD+ and FAD) to make ATP. the process involves a series of redox reactions with oxygen as the final electron acceptor
what is ATP synthase
the enzyme that helps the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
why is the attachment of phosphate to glucose in the first step of glycolysis necessary?
the addition of phosphate to the glucose traps glucose inside the cell since glucose with a phosphate can not readily cross the membrane
what molecules was used in step one of glycolysis?
1 adenosine triphosphate
1 glucose molecules
what molecules was produced in step one of glycolysis?
glucose-6-phosphate
what is the attachment of a second phosphate necessary in step 3?
fructose-6-phosphate tends to revert back to glucose-6-phosphate because it is highly unstable. the addition of a phosphate prevents that
what important molecule was used in step 3 of glycolysis?
adenosine triphosphate
what important molecule was produced in step 3 of glycolysis?
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
what is significant about how fructose 1,6 bisphosphate splits in step 4
the products are isomers of each other
what major product are you left with at the end of step 5 of glycolysis?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
what important concept is vital to remember from step 5 moving forward?
only glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate continues in the glycolic pathway
what important molecules is used in step 6 of glycolysis?
-two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates
-2 phosphates
-2 NAD+
what important molecules is produced in step 6 of glycolysis?
-two 1,3 bisphosphoglycerates
-two NADH that will go to the ETC
-two hydrogens that will go through the electron transport chain
what important molecules is used in step 7 of glycolysis?
-two 1,3-bisphosglycerates
-two ADP
what important molecules are produced in step 7 of glycolysis?
-two-3-phosphoglycerate
-two ATP
why is the removal of a hydroxyl and a hydrogen in step 8 and the removal of water in step 9 necessary?
-it weakens the bond holding the phosphate so it can easily be removed to make ATP
what important molecules is used in step 10 of glycolysis?
-two phosphonelpyruvate
-two ADP
-two hydrogens
what important molecules is produced in step 10 of glycolysis?
-two pyruvate
-two ATP
what steps are ATP used (the rate limiting steps)
steps 1 and 3
what steps are ATP produced?
steps 7 and 10
what is the net yeild of ATP in glycolysis
two ATPs
what other molecules of glycolysis where at step10?
-two NADH
-two waters
what molecules produced from glycolysis head to the next stage of cellular respiration?
-2 pyruvate molecules
what is the role of ATP and ADP in glycolysis?
To regulate glycolysis
