phi 9 Flashcards
what is a ~
-Negation: it is not the case that…
what is a &
-Conjunction: Both _ and _
What is a V
-Disjunction: either _ or _
what is a –>
- Conditional: If _ then _
what is a <–>
-Biconditional: _ if and only if _
what are conjucts
parts of the conjunction
anytime you see the word but you
cross it out and put and because we treat them as logically equivalent
conjunctions are symmetrical
you can switch the order of the conjuncts and still have a true conclusion
when using neither or nor
you must use a negation 2 disjuncts with parentheses around them
what are the antecedent and consequent
antecedent comes 1st
consequent comes after
valid forms with conditional
Modus Ponens
when you have a conditional on the 1st premise, the antecedent on the following premise and the consequent as the conclusion
P1: A->B
P2: A
C: B
Modus Tollens
when you have a conditional on the 1st premise, the negation of the consequent on the following premise and the negation of the antecedent as the conclusion
P1: A->B
P2: ~B
C: ~A
formal fallacies
Affirming the Consequent
when you have a conditional on the 1st premise, the consequent on the following premise and the antecedent as the conclusion
P1: A->B
P2: B
C: A
Denying the Antecedent
when you have a conditional on the 1st premise, the negation of the antecedent on the following premise and the negation of the consequent as the conclusion
P1: A->B
P2: ~A
C: ~B
when you see unless
cross it out and write if not
what is a tautology
when the column under the main connective has t on ever row
what is a contradiction
when the column under the main connective has f on every row
when is a sentence contingent
when the column under the main connective has at least 1 f and at least 1 t on one row
when are two sentences logically equivalent
if they have the same value on every row under the conditional
when are a set of sentences logically consistent
if there’s at least 1 line in the truth table on which all of the sentences are true, if otherwise they’re inconsistent
when is an argument invalid
when it has 2 true premises that lead to a false conclusion
what do capital letters represent
classes or categories
what do lower case letters represent
individual members of that class
what are the quantifiers
All, some, or none
affirmative universal generalization
“affirmative” when all S’s are INCLUDED in p’s
“Universal” because of the word ALL
All S are P
The “a” sentence
negative universal generalization
“negative” when all S’s are EXCLUDED from P’s
“universal” because of the word ALL
No S are P
The “E” sentence
Affirmative particular generalization
Some S are INCLUDED
“particular” because of the word SOME
Some S are P
The “I” sentence
Negative particular generalization
Some S are EXCLUDED
“particular” because of the word SOME
Some S are not P
The “O” sentence
Standard form in CL
1.Quantity (All, Some, or none)
2. The subject term (we use S)
3. The Copula (Affirmative or negative/ are or are not)
4. The Predicate ( we use P)
