AANT exam 2 Flashcards
gender role
different participation of genders in various activities
gender ideology and androcentric
culturally specific meaning assigned to genders and reproduction
androcentric is a perspective that only focuses on men
kinship systems, patrilineal, matrilineal, Bilateral and unilineal
k: socially recognized network of relationships based on descent and marriage
Bi: mother and father sides are equally valued
Uni: one side is valued over the other
Patrilineal: Fathers line and traits
Matrilineal: Mothers line and traits
moiety
form of social organization characterized by the division of society into two complementary parts
then clans are made and after comes lineage
social organization is either residential or non-residential
residential or non-residential (providing a place to live)
status is either
achieved or ascribed (handed to)
Hunter gatherer social org
usually small population (<100)
egalitarian
residentially mobile
animistic (natural elements) religion
egalitarian societies vs ranked societies
egalitarian is more on the equality side, little to no care about status
ranked is more differentiated between kin groups
segmentary societies
population up to a few 1000
autonomous (free/freedom), but occasional pan-tribal (different tribes unified) communities
small scale farming/herding
residentially sedentary
more organized religion/rituals/elders
more elaborate mortuary (cemetery)
Chiefdoms
5-20k + population
defined social status (ascribed)
centralized power (political and religious)
craft specialization
Agricultural
More territorial
Monumental arch
metallurgy (metal object production)
state level societies
> 20k population
restricted class levels
king/emperor
taxes, laws, bureaucracy
urban/frontier/roads
pantheistic (god and universe are the same)/mono-theistic
Palaces/temples
what are the ways we study subsistence(diet)
faunal analysis: the study of animal remains (bones, teeth, poop)
done by zooarchaeologist and archaeobiologist
how to solve Number of identified specimens
(NISP)
By counting the raw number of bone or fragments of bone per species
this is the 1st step after identification
how to solve Minimum number of individuals
(MNI)
by identifying the most distinct skeletal elements (like left, right bones) that could only belong to one animal, to find out ATLEAST how many animals where present
what are people who study ancient plants called
Paleoethnobotanists
what is environmental archaeology
Human-environment interaction
what is coring, what are the different kinds
sea cores (mud)
ice cores (ice)
freshwater cores (mud)
terrestrial cores (planet)
sample tubes from these environments
what is geomorphology, what are the different kinds
the physical structure or form of an object -rivers, coastal, Landscape, glacial, sediment and soils
what can be used to find out when hurricanes have passed in the past
tree rings because they absorb surface water affected by hurricanes with their roots,
lithic tool terms
core: large chunk of rock that gets reduced
hammerstone: used to remove flakes from the core
debitage: waste products of lithic production
stages of reduction
primary: cortex is present
secondary:AAAA
tertiary: finishing
molecular archaeology
uses genetic material, aka dna from human skeletal remains and living people
molecular clock
a technique that estimates the timing of evolutionary events by analyzing the rate of genetic mutations accumulating in DNA or protein sequences, to infer the timing of past human migrations and other archaeological events.
Ways we can tell the biological sex of human remains
Subpubic angle is wider for females, males are slimmer and longer
sciatic notch is wider for females
skull features: Supraorbital ridges are extreme on males, large teeth, square chin and pronounced face muscles, back of their heads are pointier
females have round chins, slighter brows, and sharp orbital borders
osteology and bioarcheology
study of bone and the study of the human biological
component of the archaeological
record.
ascribed vs achieved status
passed down vs earned
what does berdache mean
person who embodies both masculine and feminine qualities, or who occupies a unique gender role in their community. now known as two spirit
Coprolites
fossilized poop
cognitive archaeology
what is religion and ritual
religion is a set of beliefs about one’s relationship with the supernatural
ritual is behaviors that must be performed in a particular order under particular circumstances
what is ideology and cosmology
cosmology is the study of origin, large-scale structure, and future of the universe
ideology is the study of how belief systems, worldviews, and social structures influence human behavior in the past, as understood through material culture
epigraphy
the study and the interpretation of ancient inscriptions
agonography
