Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systematics > Phenetics vs Cladistics > Flashcards

Phenetics vs Cladistics Flashcards

1
Q
  • numerical taxonomy
  • similarity
A

phenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

phenetics is also called

A

taximetrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms
  • method of reconstructing evolutionary trees
A

Cladistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities – often species, individuals or genes (which may be referred to as taxa)

A

Phylogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phenetics group organisms based on __ _ __

A

degree of similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

early phenetics is based more on __ or __

A
  • morphological
  • anatomical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

branching diagrammatic tree used in phenetic classification to illustrate the degree of similarity among taxa

A

phenogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phenetics does not relate __ __

A

evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • diagram that shows relationships between species
  • relationships are based on observable physical characteristics
  • show the relationships in a graphic that looks like a tree, with branches connected to a common ancestry
A

Cladograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cladograms are based on __ __, whereas phenograms do not consider __ __

A
  • ancestral assumptions
  • evolutionary history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Within a cladogram, a branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

A

clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

some cladograms are __ wherein timeline and genetic distance are shown

A

scaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in cladistics, organisms are arranged due to __ __ __

A

unique derived characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • specialized trait or character that is unique to a group or species
  • a character state (such as the presence of feathers) not present in an ancestral form
A

apomorphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • ancestral trait
  • evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group (compare apomorphy) and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group
A

plesiomorphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

idea that embryonic development repeats that of one’s ancestors

A

recapitulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

defined as a collection of one or more populations of organisms

A

taxon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • shared, derived character state
  • apomorphy that two taxa share and that is assumed to have been present in the common ancestor of those two taxa
A

Synapomorphy

19
Q
  • shared, ancestral character state
  • any trait that was inherited from the ancestor of a group and has been passed on into more than one descendant lineage
A

Symplesiomorphy

20
Q
  • derived trait that is unique to a particular taxa
  • not useful in determining how groups are related since only one group will have the particular trait
A

Autapomorphy

21
Q
  • clade, species, or lineage that appears at the tip of a phylogenetic tree
  • may be extant or extinct
A

Terminal taxon

22
Q
  • A lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched
A

basal taxon

23
Q

two lineages stem from the same branch point

A

sister taxa

24
Q

diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

A

phylogenetic tree

25
Q
  • quantitative analysis of form
  • concept that encompasses both the size and shape of an organism or organ
A

Morphometrics

26
Q

‘the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions’

A

Phenotypic plasticity

27
Q

1960s onward

A

genetic evidence

28
Q

SNPs

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

29
Q

change in one DNA base pair

A

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

30
Q
  • mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion
  • length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION.
A

indel

31
Q

Animal taxonomy:
Family suffix

A

-idae

32
Q

principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

A

parsimony

33
Q

UPGMA

A

Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean

34
Q
  • A simple clustering method that assumes a constant rate of evolution (molecular clock hypothesis)
  • needs a distance matrix of the analysed taxa that can be calculated from a multiple alignment.
A

UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean)

35
Q

What to look for in a phylogenetic tree

A
  1. ancestor
  2. clade
  3. monophyletic group
  4. terminal and basal taxa
  5. branch points
  6. sister group (ingroup)
  7. outgroup (different genera)
36
Q
  • node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single ancestral lineage
  • may indicate either that we don’t know how the descendent lineages are related or that we think that the descendent lineages speciated simultaneously.
A

polytomy

37
Q

node terminates a branch

A

branch point

38
Q
  • represents a group
  • depends on point of reference
A

clade

39
Q

lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched

A

basal taxon

40
Q

Different kinds of groups

A
  1. monophyletic group
  2. polyphyletic group
  3. paraphyletic group
41
Q

A single common ancestor and all of its descendants.

A

Monophyletic group

42
Q

A common ancestor and some of its descendants

A

Paraphyletic group

43
Q
  • A grouping with no recent common ancestor.
  • composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor
A

Polyphyletic group

Systematics (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions