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Systematics > Lecture 2. History of Systematics (video) > Flashcards

Lecture 2. History of Systematics (video) Flashcards

1
Q

treated nature based on appearance

A

ancient Greeks

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2
Q
  • able to distinguish invertebrates (Entoma were separated from Malacostraca and from Mollusca)
  • able to distinguish vertebrate classes (Reptiles, birds, and mammals)
A

Aristotle

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3
Q

What did Aristotle able to distinguish in invertebrates

A

Entoma was separated from Malacostraca and from Mollusca

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4
Q

What classes did Aristotle able to distinguish in vertebrates

A
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
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5
Q

insects

A

Entoma

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6
Q

crustacea

A

Malacostraca

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7
Q

cephalopoda

A

Mollusca

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8
Q
  • divided the plant world into trees, shrubs, and herbs (under shrubs)
  • described groups of genera which we call monocots and dicots, and even smaller groups like grasses
A

Theophrastus

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9
Q

What was the weakness of Aristotle and Theophrastus

A

were not able to come up with a clear classification scheme

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10
Q

an expressed unity of a certain group

A

Genus

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11
Q

Greek for Genus

A

Genos

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12
Q

In Aristotle and Theophrastus’ logic, what were genus and species

A

classes

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13
Q
  • means that there is no third option
  • only true or false
A

Tertium non datur

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14
Q

If Aristotle focused on zoology, his student Theophrastus focused on ___.

A

Plant

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15
Q

What was used by ancient Greeks to classify organisms

A

deductive reasoning

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16
Q

They also deduced that it is only logical to make divisions based on ________

A

important features of life

17
Q

Important features of life:
Zoology

A

Circulatory system (those with red blood and those without)

18
Q

Important features of life:
Plants

A
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
19
Q

One thing to remember about Aristotle

A

Ladder of Nature (principle)

20
Q

Ladder of Nature

A

Scala Naturae

21
Q

living things could be assigned a hierarchical position on this metaphorical ladder that would represent their degree of perfection

A

Ladder of Nature (Scala Naturae)

22
Q

Scala Naturae hierarchy

A

minerals –> plants –> animals –> humans –> demons –> angels –> God

23
Q

Scala Naturae:
non-being

A

minerals

24
Q

Scala Naturae:
realm of becoming

A

plants, animals, humans

25
Q

Scala Naturae:
realm of being

A

demons, angels

26
Q

Scala Naturae:
being

A

God

27
Q

The key feature considered in making division in animals was the circulatory system, while in plants these were _____ and _____

A

Growth and Reproduction

28
Q

This period opened an unbiased way of looking at nature. This independence was reflected in illustration that were based on nature

A

Renaissance

29
Q

Herbalists in the Renaissance period

A
  1. Otto Brunfels (1536)
  2. Leonhard Fuchs (1542)
  3. Conrad Gesner (1551)
  4. Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554)
  5. Valerius Cordus (1544)
30
Q

arranged genera alphabetically

A
  1. Otto Brunfels (1536)
  2. Leonhard Fuchs (1542)
  3. Conrad Gesner (1551)
31
Q
  • Mastered floral morphology
    • But this did not translate into his classifications
A

Hieronymus Bock

32
Q

What did Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner do

A

arrange genera alphabetically

33
Q

What did Hieronymus Bock do

A

master floral morphology (but this did not translate into his classifications)

34
Q
  • First that abandoned the blind trust in ancient botany
    • Resulted in botany reaching full maturity
A

Valerius Cordus

35
Q

What did Valerius Cordus do

A

first abandoned the blind trust in ancient botany (resulted in botany reaching full maturity)

36
Q

Resulted to more knowledge gathered, and people becoming more curious on what is on other lands

A

increase in trade and travel from Portuguese and Spanish rules

37
Q

Because of the increase in trade and travel, more knowledge were gathered. What became a necessity

A

systematics

38
Q

Problems in organizing systematics at the time

A
  1. “Ladder of Nature” and “Tertium non datur’ were contrasting
  2. Term “species” was abstract
  3. Nature was overwhelming in quantity

Systematics (17 decks)

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