Nomenclature Flashcards
- easier to pronounce
- simple and easy to remember
- usually descriptive of the plant
- larger number of people will understand
common names
disadvantages of common names
- may not be same every where in all places
- Creates confusion among different languages
- Cannot identify one particular species by common names
- same in any language
- provides a unique name for an organism such that two people can be sure that they are referring to the same organism
scientific name
Beginnings of scientific names:
Pre Linnaean
- De Candolle
- Bauhin Brothers
coined the term taxonomy
A. P. de Candolle
recognized genera and species as major taxonomic classification
Bauhin brothers
Beginnings of scientific names:
Linnaean Era
- Carolus Linnaeus
Three components of species names in the Linnaean Era
- genus name
- specific epithet
- authority or individual(s) responsible for the name
Basic rules in scientific names
components 1 and 2 are either italicized or underlined
ICBN
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
New name of the ICBN
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those “traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants”
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
When are International Botanical Congresses held
every 6 years
acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature, a system for naming taxa by explicit reference to phylogeny
PhyloCode
Principles of ICN
- nomenclature is independent of zoological and prokaryotic nomenclature
- application of names is determined by nomenclatural types
- nomenclature is based upon priority of publication
- can bear only one correct name
- names are Latin
- rules are retroactive unless expressly limited
Principles of ICZN
- binomial nomenclature
- priority
- coordination
- first reviser
- homonymy
- typification
states that any one name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group)
Principle of Homonymy
- constituent element (a specimen or a description or a figure) of a taxon to which the name is permanently attached
nomenclatural type
- need not be the most typical element but is the original material on which the description of the taxon is based
nomenclatural type
different type specimens
- holotype
- isotype
- syntype
- paratype
- lectotype
- neotype
- topotype
specimen or other element designated by the authoer or used by him as the nomenclatural type
holotype
duplicate of the holotype
isotype
when more than one specimen are cited by the author without mentioning which is the holotype
syntype
specimens cited along with the holotype
paratype
- substitute of the holotypw when that is lost and is to be selected from isotype
- when no holotype was designated by the author as specimen from the original material
lectotype
- when all original materials are missing
- selected from other materials
neotype
specimen of a species collected at the same locality as the holotype
topotype
earliest names for the purpose of consideration of the Rule of Priority
names in Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum
Names of taxa:
generic name (genus)
substantive in the singular number
Names of taxa:
specific epithet (species)
- adjective
- same gender as generic name
- noun in apposition of generic name
- must not exactly repeat the generic name
scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species
infraspecific name
where is the name of a family derived from
name of the genus
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Subtribe
-inae
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Tribe
-eae
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Subfamily
-oideae
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Family
-aceae
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Suborder
-ineae
Ending of names of taxa above rank genus:
Order
-ales
Alternative family names:
Arecaceae
Palmae
Alternative family names:
Poaceae
Gramineae
Alternative family names
Clusiaceae
Guttiferae
Alternative family names
Apiaceae
Umbelliferae
Alternative family names:
Lamiaceae
Labiatae
Alternative family names:
Asteraceae
Compositae
Alternative family names:
Fabaceae
Leguminosae
those published earlier to _______ are consiered valid even if the description or diagnosis were not in Latin
January 1, 1935
in the case of Algae, the date has been fixed as ______
January 1, 1958
Rejection of Names
- used in different senses and has become source of error
- based on type consisting of two or more entirely discordant elements
- based on monstrosity
splitting of genus
when genus is divided, generic name must be retained for one of smaller genera
all names of taxon other than valid names
synonyms
original name on which a new name is based;
basionym or basyonym
two primary resources for finding out the correct spelling of a name
- authors who published
- journal which it was published
1753, Carl Linnaeus put tomatoes into the ___
Solanum
When did Linnaeus put tomatoes into Solanum
1753
1768, Philip Miller moved tomatoes to ___
Lycopersicon
Who moved the tomatoes to Lycopersicon
Philip Miller
When did Miller move tomatoes to Lycopersicon
1768
1881, Karsten suggested __ __ to mame tomatoes
Lycopersicum lycopersicum
Who suggested to name tomatoes as Lycopersicum lycopersicum
Karsten
corrected name of tomatoes by Nicolson in 1974
Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Latin term, meaning “a name to be conserved”
Nomen conservandum
Nomen conservandum of tomatoes
Lycopersicon esculentum
a superfluous name, i. e., a name that was based on the same type as another, previously published name
nomen superfluum (nom. superfl.)
- refers to a validly published name that is not in accordance with the particular rules of its relevant Code of Nomenclature
- illegitimate name
nomen illegitimum (nom. illeg.)
new species
species nove (sp. nov.)
new replacement name
nomen novum
new combination from previously existing names
combination nova (comb. nov.)
name of a family that is treated as validly published due to long usage
nomen alternativum (nom. alt.)
used to describe any organism whose definition in terms of a formal scientific description has not been completed
nomen nudum (nom. nud.)
