1 - History of Systematics Flashcards
- deals with the naming and classification of organisms through culture
- mostly undocumented
- resulting names are specific to each culture
Folk taxonomy
Pre-Linnaean
- Chinese
- Romans
- Greeks
one of the earliest disciplines of Botany
Plant taxonomy
____ __ __ are identified of which 2, 860,000 are of angiosperms
4,000,000 plants aspects
4,000,000 plants aspects are identified ox which _____ are of _____
2,860,000; angiosperms
Basic or fundamental branches of botany
- taxonomy
- morphology
What became an old fashion
morphological analysis
Taxonomy in biodiversity assessment
- increased need for conservation of biological resources
- increase of biodiversity assessment during last few years
- taxonomic studies are encouraged throughout the world
differentiated plants with reference economic value
herbal taxonomy
Exploratory Phase: Early Taxonomic Studies
- Taxonomy was merely what
exploration and naming of species
Emperor Shen Nung
3000 BC
- introduced acupuncture
- listed medicinal plants
- Father of Agriculture and Medicine
- wrote the “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica”
Emperor Shen Nung
What did Emperor Shen Nung introduce
acupuncture
Emperor Shen Nung was the Father of what in China
Father of Agriculture and Medicine
- included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
- written by Emperor Shen Nung
Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica
The “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica” included what
365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
Three groups the first classification systems often broke plants down
- trees
- shrubs
- herbs
classified plants based on their habitats
Eber’s medical papyrus
Eber’s medical papyrus
Egypt 1500 BC
one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle
Historia Animalium
Two types of Animals according to Aristotle’s “Historia Animalium”
- animals with blood
- animals without blood
Animals with blood
- live-bearing (humans and mammals)
- egg-bearing (birds and fish)
live-bearing
humans and mammals
egg-bearing
birds and fish
Animals without blood
- insects
- shelled and non-shelled crustaceans
- mollusks
- wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum
- classification was based on growth form – annual, biennial, perennial
- Used species and genus to group things
- student of Aristotle and Plato
- Father of Botany
Theophrastus
Theophrastus was the student of
Aristotle and Plato
Theophrastus is the Father of
Father of Botany
What did Theophrastus write
- De Historia Plantarum
- De Causis Plantarum
How many species was in De Historia Plantarum
480 species
De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum was used for
taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe
Classification of Theophrastus was based on
growth form - annual, biennial, perennial
What did Theophrastus use to group things
species and genus
- Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist
- wrote “De materia medica” - a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances
Pedanius Dioscorides
What did Pedanius Dioscorides write
De materia medica
What is De materia medica about
herbal medicine and related medicinal substances
De materia medica was widely read for more than ____
1, 500 years
De materia medica was used in medicine until the __ ___, and was copied several times
16th century
- Pliny the elder
- Roman army, later in the Roman state
- wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia
- Father of Botanical Latin - later kept for botanical science
Gaius Plinius Secundus
(mura mag maka summon ug ancient spirit)
Gaius Plinius Secundus is also called as
Pliny the elder
(kakyot HAHAHA)
only book Gaius Plinius Secundus wrote that survived
Naturalis Historia
How many volumes is in the “Naturalis Historia”
160 volumes
Names in Naturalis Historia that are still recognized
- Populus alba
- Populus nigra
Populus alba
White poplar
Populus nigra
Black poplar
Gaius Plinius Secundus is the Father of
Father of Botanical Latin
Systematics had its roots from
natural intuition
Herbalists to Darwin
- collecting and illustrating medicinal plants
- use of plant and plant extracts; not much classification
- more elaborate than previous works
- scientific increase, mild dissociation
theologian and botanist
Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)
priest, physician, and botanist
Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554)
physician and botanist
Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566)
physician and naturalist (1501-1577)
Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli
physician and naturalist (1508-1568)
William Turner
physician and plant enthusiast
Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616)
(mura mag shampoo and apilyedo)
apprentice to a surgeon and herbalist
John Gerard (1545-1612)
doctor and botanist
Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)
(iyang apilyedo kay murag classic piano piece)
Plant groups Linnaeus later named to honor people
- Brunfelsia
- Mattiolia
- Turnera
- Lobelia
- Gerardia
- Fuchsia
collection of preserved plant specimens maintained for scientific purposes
herbarium (plural: herbaria)
When and where was the first herbarium established
1553 in Padua, Italy
- founded the first botanical garden and first herbarium collection
- physician, extremely influential among his students and fellow botanist throughout Europe
Luca Ghini
careful observation and note taking was essential
central method
When were herbaria established in different parts of the world
middle of 17th century
- they gave concept of species, synonymy, classification and nomenclature
- defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns
- Ceasalipino (1519-1603)
- Bauhin (1560-1624)
- John Ray (1627-1705)
- de Tournefort (1656-1708)
- Father of Taxonomy
- published Species Plantarum
- introduced binomial nomenclature
- introduced sexual system in classification
- artificial system on few characters
Linnaeus (1753)
Linnaeus is called as the Father of
Father of Taxonomy