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Systematics > 1 - History of Systematics > Flashcards

1 - History of Systematics Flashcards

1
Q
  • deals with the naming and classification of organisms through culture
  • mostly undocumented
  • resulting names are specific to each culture
A

Folk taxonomy

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2
Q

Pre-Linnaean

A
  • Chinese
  • Romans
  • Greeks
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3
Q

one of the earliest disciplines of Botany

A

Plant taxonomy

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4
Q

____ __ __ are identified of which 2, 860,000 are of angiosperms

A

4,000,000 plants aspects

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5
Q

4,000,000 plants aspects are identified ox which _____ are of _____

A

2,860,000; angiosperms

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6
Q

Basic or fundamental branches of botany

A
  • taxonomy
  • morphology
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7
Q

What became an old fashion

A

morphological analysis

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8
Q

Taxonomy in biodiversity assessment

A
  1. increased need for conservation of biological resources
  2. increase of biodiversity assessment during last few years
  3. taxonomic studies are encouraged throughout the world
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9
Q

differentiated plants with reference economic value

A

herbal taxonomy

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10
Q

Exploratory Phase: Early Taxonomic Studies
- Taxonomy was merely what

A

exploration and naming of species

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11
Q

Emperor Shen Nung

A

3000 BC

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12
Q
  • introduced acupuncture
  • listed medicinal plants
  • Father of Agriculture and Medicine
  • wrote the “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica”
A

Emperor Shen Nung

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13
Q

What did Emperor Shen Nung introduce

A

acupuncture

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14
Q

Emperor Shen Nung was the Father of what in China

A

Father of Agriculture and Medicine

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15
Q
  • included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
  • written by Emperor Shen Nung
A

Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica

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16
Q

The “Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica” included what

A

365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals

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17
Q

Three groups the first classification systems often broke plants down

A
  1. trees
  2. shrubs
  3. herbs
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18
Q

classified plants based on their habitats

A

Eber’s medical papyrus

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19
Q

Eber’s medical papyrus

A

Egypt 1500 BC

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20
Q

one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle

A

Historia Animalium

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21
Q

Two types of Animals according to Aristotle’s “Historia Animalium”

A
  1. animals with blood
  2. animals without blood
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22
Q

Animals with blood

A
  • live-bearing (humans and mammals)
  • egg-bearing (birds and fish)
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23
Q

live-bearing

A

humans and mammals

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24
Q

egg-bearing

A

birds and fish

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25
Q

Animals without blood

A
  • insects
  • shelled and non-shelled crustaceans
  • mollusks
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26
Q
  • wrote a classification of all known plants, De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum
  • classification was based on growth form – annual, biennial, perennial
  • Used species and genus to group things
  • student of Aristotle and Plato
  • Father of Botany
A

Theophrastus

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27
Q

Theophrastus was the student of

A

Aristotle and Plato

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28
Q

Theophrastus is the Father of

A

Father of Botany

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29
Q

What did Theophrastus write

A
  1. De Historia Plantarum
  2. De Causis Plantarum
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30
Q

How many species was in De Historia Plantarum

A

480 species

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31
Q

De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum was used for

A

taxonomic purposes until the Middle Ages in Europe

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32
Q

Classification of Theophrastus was based on

A

growth form - annual, biennial, perennial

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33
Q

What did Theophrastus use to group things

A

species and genus

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34
Q
  • Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist
  • wrote “De materia medica” - a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances
A

Pedanius Dioscorides

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35
Q

What did Pedanius Dioscorides write

A

De materia medica

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36
Q

What is De materia medica about

A

herbal medicine and related medicinal substances

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37
Q

De materia medica was widely read for more than ____

A

1, 500 years

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38
Q

De materia medica was used in medicine until the __ ___, and was copied several times

A

16th century

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39
Q
  • Pliny the elder
  • Roman army, later in the Roman state
  • wrote many books, the only one that has survived - Naturalis Historia
  • Father of Botanical Latin - later kept for botanical science
A

Gaius Plinius Secundus
(mura mag maka summon ug ancient spirit)

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40
Q

Gaius Plinius Secundus is also called as

A

Pliny the elder
(kakyot HAHAHA)

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41
Q

only book Gaius Plinius Secundus wrote that survived

A

Naturalis Historia

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42
Q

How many volumes is in the “Naturalis Historia”

A

160 volumes

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43
Q

Names in Naturalis Historia that are still recognized

A
  1. Populus alba
  2. Populus nigra
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44
Q

Populus alba

A

White poplar

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45
Q

Populus nigra

A

Black poplar

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46
Q

Gaius Plinius Secundus is the Father of

A

Father of Botanical Latin

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47
Q

Systematics had its roots from

A

natural intuition

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48
Q

Herbalists to Darwin

A
  1. collecting and illustrating medicinal plants
  2. use of plant and plant extracts; not much classification
  3. more elaborate than previous works
  4. scientific increase, mild dissociation
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49
Q

theologian and botanist

A

Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)

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50
Q

priest, physician, and botanist

A

Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554)

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51
Q

physician and botanist

A

Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566)

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52
Q

physician and naturalist (1501-1577)

A

Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli

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53
Q

physician and naturalist (1508-1568)

A

William Turner

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54
Q

physician and plant enthusiast

A

Matthias de L’Obel (1538-1616)
(mura mag shampoo and apilyedo)

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55
Q

apprentice to a surgeon and herbalist

A

John Gerard (1545-1612)

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56
Q

doctor and botanist

A

Charles de L’Ecluse (1526-1609)
(iyang apilyedo kay murag classic piano piece)

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57
Q

Plant groups Linnaeus later named to honor people

A
  1. Brunfelsia
  2. Mattiolia
  3. Turnera
  4. Lobelia
  5. Gerardia
  6. Fuchsia
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58
Q

collection of preserved plant specimens maintained for scientific purposes

A

herbarium (plural: herbaria)

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59
Q

When and where was the first herbarium established

A

1553 in Padua, Italy

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60
Q
  • founded the first botanical garden and first herbarium collection
  • physician, extremely influential among his students and fellow botanist throughout Europe
A

Luca Ghini

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61
Q

careful observation and note taking was essential

A

central method

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62
Q

When were herbaria established in different parts of the world

A

middle of 17th century

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63
Q
  • they gave concept of species, synonymy, classification and nomenclature
  • defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns
A
  1. Ceasalipino (1519-1603)
  2. Bauhin (1560-1624)
  3. John Ray (1627-1705)
  4. de Tournefort (1656-1708)
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64
Q
  • Father of Taxonomy
  • published Species Plantarum
  • introduced binomial nomenclature
  • introduced sexual system in classification
  • artificial system on few characters
A

Linnaeus (1753)

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65
Q

Linnaeus is called as the Father of

A

Father of Taxonomy

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66
Q

What did Linnaeus publish

A

Species Plantarum

67
Q

What did Linnaeus introduce

A
  • binomial nomenclature
  • sexual system in classification
68
Q
  • first taxonomist
  • wrote “De Plantis”
  • rejected blind trust (prepositions, top-down)
  • a posteriori (inductive principle)” observations, facts, past events
A

Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603)

69
Q

Andrea Cesalpino is “the first ___”

A

taxonomist

70
Q

What did Andrea Cesalpino write

A

De Plantis

71
Q

How many species was in “De Plantis”

A

1500 species

72
Q

Groups of species in De Plantis

A

herbs and trees

73
Q

plant families in De Plantis

A
  • Brassicaceae
  • Asteraceae
74
Q

Important criterion in Andrea Cesalpino’s “De Plantis”

A
  • embryo
  • seed
  • seedling
75
Q

Andrea Cesalpino rejected __ __

A

blind trust (prepositions, top-down)

76
Q

inductive principle of Andrea Cesalpino

A

a posteriori (observations, facts, past events)

77
Q
  • used the family concept
  • used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers
  • listed 76 families
A

Pierre Magnol (1638-1715)

78
Q

What concept did Pierre Magnol use

A

family concept

79
Q

Pierre Magnol used conspicuous characters of

A

roots, stems and flowers

80
Q

How many families did Pierre Magnol list

A

76 families

81
Q

Bauhin Brothers

A
  1. Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)
  2. Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)
82
Q
  • physician, botanist
  • wrote “Historia plantarum universalis (1650–51; “General History of Plants”)
  • recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels.
A

Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)

83
Q
  • physician, anatomist, and botanist
  • wrote the work Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623
  • included synonyms, which was a great necessity of the time
  • introduced a scientific binomial system of classification
    • recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels
A

Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)

84
Q

What did Jean Bauhin write

A

Historia plantarum universalis

85
Q

Historia plantarum universalis

A

General History of Plants

86
Q

Historia plantarum universalis contains how many elaborate descriptions of species

A

more than 5,000 species

87
Q

What did the Bauhin Brothers recognize as major taxonomic levels

A

genera and species

88
Q

What did Gaspard Bauhin write

A

Pinax Theatri Botanici

89
Q

means register- a listing of 6000 species

90
Q

What did Gaspard Bauhin included which was a great necessity of the time

91
Q
  • rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system
  • classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation
  • naturalist and botanist
  • establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy
  • published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology
  • classification of plants - Historia Plantarum, an important step towards modern taxonomy
  • Monocotyledons/dicotyledons
  • Used genus as a factual taxonomic group
92
Q

What did John Ray reject

A

system of dichotomous division

93
Q

John Ray classified plants according to what

A

similarities and differences that emerged from observation

94
Q

John Ray divided plants into

A

monocotyledons and dicotyledons

95
Q

John Ray used __ as a __ __ group

A

genus as factual taxonomic group

96
Q
  • placed primary emphasis on the classification of genera, basing his classification entirely upon the structure of the flower and fruit
  • Physician, botanist
  • collected many plant species on scientific expeditions
  • beautifully illustrated Éléments de botanique (1694)
  • denied the sexuality of plants
  • classifications above genus level were often artificial
  • use of a single Latin name for the genus, followed by a few descriptive words for the species - a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature
  • author of modern genus concept
  • “Herbarium”
A

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)

97
Q

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort placed primary emphasis on what

A

classification of genera

98
Q

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort based his classification entirely upon

A

structure of the flower and fruit

99
Q

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort denied the __ of plants

100
Q

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort is the author of __ __ __

A

modern genus concept

101
Q
  • first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms
  • Systema Naturae (“The System of Nature”)
  • Genera Plantarum was considered his crowning taxonomic achievement
  • botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician
A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

102
Q
  • volume of only 11 pages presented a hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals
  • each kingdom was subdivided into classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties
  • written by Carolus Linnaeus
A

Systema Naturae (The System of Nature)

103
Q

Three kingdoms of nature according to Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae

A
  • stones
  • plants
  • animals
104
Q

Each kingdom in “Systema Naturae” was subdivided into

A
  • classes
  • orders
  • genera
  • species
  • varieties
105
Q
  • presented a system based on “natural characters” of genera
  • morphological descriptions of all the parts of flowers and fruit
  • considered Linnaeus’ crowning taxonomic achievement
A

Genera Plantarum

106
Q

Genera Plantarum presented a system based on __ __ of genera

A

natural characters

107
Q
  • Focused on genealogy
  • first to recognize ecological succession
  • Countered the theory of pre-existence
  • Observation: similar environments, different regions had different flora and fauna
A

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

108
Q

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon focused on ___

109
Q

genealogy

A
  • allied species arise from common ancestor
  • beginnings of phylogenetic relationship
110
Q

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon first recognize __ __

A

ecological succession

111
Q

What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon counter

A

theory of pre-existence

112
Q

What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon observe

A
  • similar environments
  • different regions had different flora and fauna
113
Q
  • Reflected natural system
  • Weighing of characters
  • Grandfather of numerical
  • wrote Familles des plantes
A

Michel Adanson (1727-1806)

114
Q

Michel Adanson reflected what

A

natural system

115
Q

Michel Adanson is the grandfather of

A

numerical taxonomy

116
Q

What did Michel Adanson write

A

Familles de plantes

117
Q

Familles de plantes contempt for __

118
Q

What did the book Familles de plantes propose

A

natural classification based upon all characters rather than few arbitrarily selected ones

119
Q
  • the synthesis phase mostly based on morphology
  • deals with the study of the plant material in the field as well as in the herbarium
  • a compilation of a flora or a monograph is done in this phase
A

Consolidation Phase

120
Q

In consolidation phase, taxonomy is marked by publication of a number of _________

A

monumental works on plant classification

121
Q
  • modified Linnaeus system
  • first to put forward the idea of “Nature’s war“
  • recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs
  • wrote Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)
A

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle (1778-1841)

122
Q

What did Augustin Pyramus De Candolle modify

A

Linnaeus system

123
Q

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle first to put forward the idea of

A

“Nature’s war”

124
Q

Augustin Pyramus De Candolle recognized the difference between

A

morphological and physiological characteristics of organs

125
Q

What did Augustin Pyramus De Candolle write

A
  • Plantarum historia succulentarum
  • Astragalogia
126
Q

What does the Plantarum historia succulentarum and Astragalogia state

A
  • proposed a natural method of plant classification
  • taxa do not fall along a linear scale
127
Q
  • closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  • proposed natural system of classification of seed plants
  • published Genera Plantarum – 200 families, 7569 genera
A
  • George Bentham
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker
128
Q

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker were closely affiliated to

A

the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

129
Q

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker proposed

A

natural system of classification of seed plants

130
Q

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker published

A

Genera Plantarum

131
Q

Genera Plantarum consisted of

A
  • 200 families
  • 7569 genera
132
Q
  • naturalist, geologist and biologist
  • published On the Origin of Species
  • suggested the principle of natural selection
  • evolution of species by common descent
  • Tree of Life
A

Charles Darwin (1859)

133
Q

What did Charles Darwin publish

A

On the Origin of Species

134
Q

What did Charles Darwin suggest

A

principle of natural selection

135
Q

Each “fork in the road,” or branching point, indicates a common ancestor splitting into two descendants

A

Tree of Life (by Charles Darwin)

136
Q

Species are __

137
Q

All populations tend to __ and no two species are ever __

A
  • vary
  • alike
138
Q

Some of these variations are __ and are of __ __

A
  • adaptive
  • survival value
139
Q

Forces of nature result in the __ of some individual while others survive the same force

A

extinction

140
Q

Some variations shown by individual within a population must be __

A

hereditary

141
Q

The environments of individuals are __ __

A

not static

142
Q

The focus on __ and __

A

reason and logic

143
Q

Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution

A
  • Endichler (1804-1849)
  • Eichler (1837-1887)
144
Q

What did Endichler and Eichler introduce

A

Phylogenetic Classification based on ideas of evolution

145
Q

suggested semiphylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien

A

Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)

146
Q

What did Engler and Prantl suggest

A

semiphylogenetic system of classification

147
Q

Book written by Adolf Engler and Karl Anton Prantl

A

Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien

148
Q

Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny

A

Bessey (1845-1915)

149
Q

Bessey provided the

A

first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny

150
Q

Who improved Bessey’s work

A

Hallier (1868-1938)

151
Q

24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants

A

John Hutchinson (1955)

152
Q

Apart from Morphology, the classification was based on

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Ecology
  3. Anatomy
  4. Palynology
  5. Cytology
  6. Biochemistry
153
Q

Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981)

A

Takhtajan (1969)

154
Q

Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level

A

Stebbins (1974)

155
Q

Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae

A

Robert Throne (1976)

156
Q
  • published “Biological Species Concept”
  • Proposed the Biological concept defined species as “a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.
A

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

157
Q

What did Theodosius Dobzhansky publish

A

Biological Species Concept

158
Q

defined species as “a group of interbreeding population reproductively isolated from any other such group of population”

A

Biological Species Concept

159
Q

Who proposed the term “New Systematics”

A

Huxley (1940)

160
Q

Who proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics

A

Camp and Gilly (1943)

161
Q

Considered by cytotaxonomists as very reliable taxa

A
  • number
  • size
  • shape
    of chromosomes
162
Q

Technique developed in biosystematic phase

A

two-dimensional paper chromatography

163
Q

attempt to classify and identify organisms (originally plants) according to confirmable differences and similarities in their biochemical compositions

A

Chemotaxonomy

Systematics (17 decks)

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