Phenetic: Numerical taxonomy

Question 1

phenetic ?

Answer 1

based on Overall similarity

Question 2

phenetic is a traditional method for the classification of prokaryotes introduced 200 years ago
by

Answer 2

Michael Adanson

Question 3

classification 3 characterics?

Answer 3

– All characteristics =equal importance (unbiased).
– Classification base on as many features as possible.
– Organisms should be grouped on the basis of overall similarity.

Question 4

some phenotypic characteristics ?

Answer 4

• Morphology
• Motility
• Physiology
• Cell lipid chemistry
• Cell wall chemistry
• Other traits

Question 5

what is constructed to illustrate the relationship between the species?

Answer 5

dendogram

Question 6

Phenon?

Answer 6

group of organisms that have

characters in common

Question 7

what’s phylogenetic?

Answer 7

class evolutionary relationships

Question 8

A mutation is a change in the?

Answer 8

genome of an organism (nucleotide change,

insertion, deletion).

Question 9

Gene duplication, gene loss and horizontal gene transfer what’s that?

Answer 9

acquisition of a whole

new gene from another organism

Question 10

Genetic change may?

Answer 10

be silent,deleterious,beneficial

Question 11

Evolutionary pressure (stress) selects or discards mutation.

Answer 11

-

Question 12

Adaptive mutations improve

Answer 12

fitness of an organism, increasing survival in its

environment.

Question 13

Silent mutations may be beneficial in other environments

Answer 13

allowing the microorganism to

colonize new niches.

Question 14

Deleterious mutation are usually

Answer 14

lost

Question 15

Accumulation of mutations

Answer 15

may lead to speciation (rise of a new species

Question 16

who defined archea by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA,

Answer 16

Carl Woese(1970)

Question 17

Contribution of Carl Woese in subunits?

Answer 17

Sequencing of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA):

16S rRNA in prokaryotes, 18S rRNA in eukaryotes

Question 18

carl woese established?

Answer 18

presence of three domains of life:

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 19

carl woese provided?

Answer 19

a unified phylogenetic framework for

Bacteria

Question 20

Comparative rRNA sequencing is a routine

procedure that involves the following:

Answer 20

• amplify gene encoding SSU rRNA
• Sequencing of the amplified gene
• Analysis of sequence in reference to other sequences

Question 21

rRNA sequencing is used to infer the

Answer 21

phylogeny of prokaryotes and other

microorganisms

Question 22

dans un photo de la structure de 16s rRNA what are the highly variable regions?

Answer 22

the one that have color

Question 23

how is called the accumulation of neutral mutation over time?

Answer 23

genetic drift

Question 24

The evolutionary relationship
between two organisms is directly
correlated to the number of
\_\_\_\_\_ that have accumulated in
each one.

Answer 24

mutation

Question 25

if there are few differences in the structure of two 16s rRNA ?

Answer 25

they are closely related ( E.coli and Salmonella )

Question 26

if there are many differences in the structure of two 16s rRNA ?

Answer 26

diverge a long time ago (Bacteria and Archea)

Question 27

Comment tu obtient t sequence?

Answer 27

1-Isolate DNA

2-Amplify 16s gene by PCR

Question 28

What do u do with ur sequences?

Answer 28

Align sequences

Question 29

why do u align sequences?

Answer 29

to take into account insertion-deletion

Question 30

Construct phylogenetic trees

Answer 30

graphic illustration of the relationships among

sequences

Question 31

Branch length represents the _________that have occurred along
that branch

Answer 31

number of changes

Question 32

nodes

Answer 32

putative common ancestor

Question 33

Branches define the order of

Answer 33

• descent

- ancestry of the nodes

Question 34

Building phylogenetic trees?

Answer 34

1-the first step in making a tree is to align sequences
2-distance matrix is calculated from the number of sequence differences
3-the tree is constructied by adding nodes to join lineage that have the fewest differences