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Macroscopic anatomy > Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

Protection/isolation of the airway from the digestive tract
Control pulmonary air pressure
Vocalization

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2
Q

What are the four cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis - Arytenoid - Thyroid - Cricoid

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3
Q

What is the paired set of cartilages in the larynx?

A

Arytenoid

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4
Q

What does the stalk of the epiglottis do?

A

Articulates with the thyroid cartilage on ventral midline

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5
Q

What does the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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6
Q

What are the two membranes of the larynx?

A

Vestibular and Vocal

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7
Q

Where are the vocal ligaments located?

A

Cranial edge of a membrane that connects the cricoid, thyroid, and vocal processes of the arytenoid

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8
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroideus m.?

A

Thyroid cartilage rotates at the cricothyroid joint

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9
Q

What are the four effects of the laryngeal muscles on the vocal folds?

A

Adduction - Abduction

Lengthening - Shortening

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10
Q

What does adduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

restricts airflow or produce phonation

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11
Q

What does abduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

Increase airflow

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12
Q

What does lengthening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Raise pitch of sound produced

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13
Q

What does shortening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Lower the pitch of the sound

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14
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

A

Dorsal Crucoarytenoid

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15
Q

What are the five major nerves to the Larynx?

A

Cranial - External - Internal - Recurrent - Caudal

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16
Q

What does the cranial laryngeal nerve come off of?

A

Branch of the vagus nerve

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17
Q

What does the cranial laryngeal nerve give rise to?

A

External and internal laryngeal n.

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18
Q

What does the external laryngeal n. do?

A

Motor to the cricothyroid

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19
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?

A

Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds

Vestibular folds

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20
Q

Where is the recurrent laryngeal n.?

A

Runs cranially through the neck to approach larynx caudally

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21
Q

What does the caudal laryngeal n branch from?

A

Recurrent laryngeal n.

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22
Q

What does the laryngeal n. do?

A

Carry motor to all other muscles and sensation from caudal half of larynx

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23
Q

What is the function of the cough reflex?

A

Prevent objects from getting into the trachea

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24
Q

How is the cough reflex intiated?

A

Object touches vestibular fold

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25
Q

What happens when the cough reflex is initiated?

A

Vocal folds are tightly ADDucted to prevent further passage

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26
Q

What two nerves are involved in the cough reflex?

A

Internal and caudal laryngeal

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27
Q

What function does the internal laryngeal n. provide in the cough reflex?

A

Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds, senses the object

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28
Q

What happens in horses that causes problems with the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Left recurrent hemiplegia

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29
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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30
Q

What structures are involved in swallowing?

A

Tongue - Palate - Pharynx

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31
Q

What function does the soft palate have in swallowing?

A

Elevates to close off the nasal cavity

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32
Q

What function does the pharynx have in swallowing?

A

Approaches oral cavity and widens to receive food

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33
Q

What ellicits peristalsis in swallowing?

A

Food making contact with the pharyngeal wall

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34
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx

35
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

Posteriorly to the palatoglossal fold

36
Q

What does the auditory tube do?

A

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

37
Q

What are the two muscle groups in regards to the pharynx?

A

Constrictors ( superior, middle and inferior) and movers (Levator muscles of the pharynx)

38
Q

Where do the pharyngeal constrictors insert?

A

Dorsal midline connective tissue line

39
Q

What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?

A

Produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus

40
Q

What do the pharyngeal movers do?

A

Put pharynx into position to begin swallowing

41
Q

Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?

A

Put the pharynx into position to being swallowing

42
Q

What are almost all the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

CN X - vagus

43
Q

Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?

A

Outside the pharyngeal wall and pass into the pharynx -

44
Q

What are the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Hyopharyngeus - Thyropharyngeus - Cricopharyngeus

45
Q

Where does the hyopharyngeus originate?

A

On thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of the hyoid apparatus

46
Q

Where does the thyropharyngeus originate?

A

Originates on the lateral side of the thyroid lamina

47
Q

Where does the cricopharyngeus originate?

A

On the lateral aspect of the ventral arch of the cricoid

48
Q

What are the pharyngeal movers?

A

Pterygopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus

49
Q

Which mover is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus

50
Q

Where does the pterygopharyngeus originate?

A

Pterygoid hammulus

51
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus originate?

A

Stylohyoid

52
Q

What else does the stylopharyngeus do?

A

Pharyngeal dilator

53
Q

What artery supplies most of the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

54
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery come off of?

A

External carotid

55
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with in dogs?

A

Internal carotid artery

56
Q

Where does the internal carotid come from?

A

Foramen lacerum

57
Q

What happens with the ascending pharyngeal artery in animals without internal carotid artery?

A

becomes a possible alternate route of blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle

58
Q

What two cranial nerves contribute to the plexus of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal N.
– and –
Vagus N.

59
Q

What nerves are part of the gag reflex?

A

CN IX - X

60
Q

What is the function behind the gag reflex?

A

Prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects

61
Q

What starts the gag reflex?

A

Touching the pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx

62
Q

What provides the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

63
Q

What happens when the gag reflex is started?

A

Wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs caudal to crainal

64
Q

What does the CN IX contribute to?

A

Mostly sensory oxons to the pharyngela plexus

65
Q

What does the vagus nerve contribute to?

A

Motor axons to the pharyngeal plexus

66
Q

What part of the larynx articulates with the temporal bone?

A

Hyoid apparatus

67
Q

What are the parts of Pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx (Epipharynx)
  • Oropharynx (Mesopharynx)
  • Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)
68
Q

From where, to where?

A

The pharynx is 15 cm long, goes form the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and the lower border of c6 posteriorly.

69
Q

Name the constrictor muscles

A

Superior constrictors

  • pterygopalatine m.
  • buccopharyngeal m
  • mylopharyngeal m
  • Glossopharyngeal m

Middle constrictors

  • Chondropharyngeal m
  • Ceratopharyngeal m

Inferior constrictors:
Thyropharyngeal m
Cricopharyngeal m

70
Q

Levator muscles of the pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus m.
Salpingopharyngeus m.
Palatopharyngeu m.

71
Q

Which muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. (CN 9)

A

Superior constrictors

  • pterygopalatine m.
  • buccopharyngeal m
  • mylopharyngeal m
  • Glossopharyngeal m

Middle constrictors
- Chondropharyngeal m

72
Q

Which muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the vagus n. (CN 10)

A
  • Ceratopharyngeal m

Inferior constrictors:
Thyropharyngeal m
Cricopharyngeal m

73
Q

What is the origin of Stylopharyngeus m?

A

Styloid process (temporal bone)

74
Q

What is the origin of Salpingopharyngeus m?

A

Cartilaginous part of the auditory tube and medial lamina of the pterygoid process

75
Q

What is the origin of palatopharyngeus m?

A

Soft palate

76
Q

Where does the retropharyngeal space lead?

A

Mediastinum posterior

77
Q

Where does the Pharyngobasilar fascia attach?

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia is a fibrous coat situated between the mucous and the muscular coats:
Basilar part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bone.
The whole pharynx is hanging down from the base of the skull by this fascia

78
Q

What forms the passavant ridge?

A

Superior constrictor muscle

79
Q

Insertion of the constrictors of pharynx

A

Median raphe of the pharynx and the pharyngeal tubercle

80
Q

What is the function of the elevators?

A

To elevate the pharynx during speaking or swallowing

81
Q

What is the insertion of Stylopharyngeus m?

A

Ant. border Thyroid cartilage

82
Q

What is the insertion of Palatopharyngeus m?

A

Post. border of the thyroid cartilage

83
Q

What is the insertion of Salpingopharyngeus m?

A

Palatopharyngeus muscle

84
Q

Where does the buccopharyngeal fascia comes from and go to?

A

Covers the muscular layer of the pharynx and is continued forward onto the buccinator muscle

Macroscopic anatomy (35 decks)

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