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Macroscopic anatomy > Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

Protection/isolation of the airway from the digestive tract
Control pulmonary air pressure
Vocalization

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2
Q

What are the four cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis - Arytenoid - Thyroid - Cricoid

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3
Q

What is the paired set of cartilages in the larynx?

A

Arytenoid

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4
Q

What does the stalk of the epiglottis do?

A

Articulates with the thyroid cartilage on ventral midline

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5
Q

What does the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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6
Q

What are the two membranes of the larynx?

A

Vestibular and Vocal

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7
Q

Where are the vocal ligaments located?

A

Cranial edge of a membrane that connects the cricoid, thyroid, and vocal processes of the arytenoid

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8
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroideus m.?

A

Thyroid cartilage rotates at the cricothyroid joint

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9
Q

What are the four effects of the laryngeal muscles on the vocal folds?

A

Adduction - Abduction

Lengthening - Shortening

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10
Q

What does adduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

restricts airflow or produce phonation

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11
Q

What does abduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

Increase airflow

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12
Q

What does lengthening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Raise pitch of sound produced

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13
Q

What does shortening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Lower the pitch of the sound

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14
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

A

Dorsal Crucoarytenoid

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15
Q

What are the five major nerves to the Larynx?

A

Cranial - External - Internal - Recurrent - Caudal

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16
Q

What does the cranial laryngeal nerve come off of?

A

Branch of the vagus nerve

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17
Q

What does the cranial laryngeal nerve give rise to?

A

External and internal laryngeal n.

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18
Q

What does the external laryngeal n. do?

A

Motor to the cricothyroid

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19
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?

A

Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds

Vestibular folds

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20
Q

Where is the recurrent laryngeal n.?

A

Runs cranially through the neck to approach larynx caudally

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21
Q

What does the caudal laryngeal n branch from?

A

Recurrent laryngeal n.

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22
Q

What does the laryngeal n. do?

A

Carry motor to all other muscles and sensation from caudal half of larynx

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23
Q

What is the function of the cough reflex?

A

Prevent objects from getting into the trachea

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24
Q

How is the cough reflex intiated?

A

Object touches vestibular fold

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25
What happens when the cough reflex is initiated?
Vocal folds are tightly ADDucted to prevent further passage
26
What two nerves are involved in the cough reflex?
Internal and caudal laryngeal
27
What function does the internal laryngeal n. provide in the cough reflex?
Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds, senses the object
28
What happens in horses that causes problems with the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle?
Left recurrent hemiplegia
29
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
30
What structures are involved in swallowing?
Tongue - Palate - Pharynx
31
What function does the soft palate have in swallowing?
Elevates to close off the nasal cavity
32
What function does the pharynx have in swallowing?
Approaches oral cavity and widens to receive food
33
What ellicits peristalsis in swallowing?
Food making contact with the pharyngeal wall
34
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx
35
Where is the oropharynx?
Posteriorly to the palatoglossal fold
36
What does the auditory tube do?
Connects middle ear to nasopharynx
37
What are the two muscle groups in regards to the pharynx?
Constrictors ( superior, middle and inferior) and movers (Levator muscles of the pharynx)
38
Where do the pharyngeal constrictors insert?
Dorsal midline connective tissue line
39
What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?
Produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus
40
What do the pharyngeal movers do?
Put pharynx into position to begin swallowing
41
Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?
Put the pharynx into position to being swallowing
42
What are almost all the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
CN X - vagus
43
Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?
Outside the pharyngeal wall and pass into the pharynx -
44
What are the pharyngeal constrictors?
Hyopharyngeus - Thyropharyngeus - Cricopharyngeus
45
Where does the hyopharyngeus originate?
On thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of the hyoid apparatus
46
Where does the thyropharyngeus originate?
Originates on the lateral side of the thyroid lamina
47
Where does the cricopharyngeus originate?
On the lateral aspect of the ventral arch of the cricoid
48
What are the pharyngeal movers?
Pterygopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus
49
Which mover is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
Stylopharyngeus
50
Where does the pterygopharyngeus originate?
Pterygoid hammulus
51
Where does the stylopharyngeus originate?
Stylohyoid
52
What else does the stylopharyngeus do?
Pharyngeal dilator
53
What artery supplies most of the pharynx?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
54
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery come off of?
External carotid
55
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with in dogs?
Internal carotid artery
56
Where does the internal carotid come from?
Foramen lacerum
57
What happens with the ascending pharyngeal artery in animals without internal carotid artery?
becomes a possible alternate route of blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle
58
What two cranial nerves contribute to the plexus of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal N. -- and -- Vagus N.
59
What nerves are part of the gag reflex?
CN IX - X
60
What is the function behind the gag reflex?
Prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects
61
What starts the gag reflex?
Touching the pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx
62
What provides the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
63
What happens when the gag reflex is started?
Wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs caudal to crainal
64
What does the CN IX contribute to?
Mostly sensory oxons to the pharyngela plexus
65
What does the vagus nerve contribute to?
Motor axons to the pharyngeal plexus
66
What part of the larynx articulates with the temporal bone?
Hyoid apparatus
67
What are the parts of Pharynx?
- Nasopharynx (Epipharynx) - Oropharynx (Mesopharynx) - Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)
68
From where, to where?
The pharynx is 15 cm long, goes form the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage anteriorly and the lower border of c6 posteriorly.
69
Name the constrictor muscles
Superior constrictors - pterygopalatine m. - buccopharyngeal m - mylopharyngeal m - Glossopharyngeal m Middle constrictors - Chondropharyngeal m - Ceratopharyngeal m Inferior constrictors: Thyropharyngeal m Cricopharyngeal m
70
Levator muscles of the pharynx
Stylopharyngeus m. Salpingopharyngeus m. Palatopharyngeu m.
71
Which muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. (CN 9)
Superior constrictors - pterygopalatine m. - buccopharyngeal m - mylopharyngeal m - Glossopharyngeal m Middle constrictors - Chondropharyngeal m
72
Which muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the vagus n. (CN 10)
- Ceratopharyngeal m Inferior constrictors: Thyropharyngeal m Cricopharyngeal m
73
What is the origin of Stylopharyngeus m?
Styloid process (temporal bone)
74
What is the origin of Salpingopharyngeus m?
Cartilaginous part of the auditory tube and medial lamina of the pterygoid process
75
What is the origin of palatopharyngeus m?
Soft palate
76
Where does the retropharyngeal space lead?
Mediastinum posterior
77
Where does the Pharyngobasilar fascia attach?
Pharyngobasilar fascia is a fibrous coat situated between the mucous and the muscular coats: Basilar part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bone. The whole pharynx is hanging down from the base of the skull by this fascia
78
What forms the passavant ridge?
Superior constrictor muscle
79
Insertion of the constrictors of pharynx
Median raphe of the pharynx and the pharyngeal tubercle
80
What is the function of the elevators?
To elevate the pharynx during speaking or swallowing
81
What is the insertion of Stylopharyngeus m?
Ant. border Thyroid cartilage
82
What is the insertion of Palatopharyngeus m?
Post. border of the thyroid cartilage
83
What is the insertion of Salpingopharyngeus m?
Palatopharyngeus muscle
84
Where does the buccopharyngeal fascia comes from and go to?
Covers the muscular layer of the pharynx and is continued forward onto the buccinator muscle

Macroscopic anatomy (35 decks)

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