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Nursing 171 > Pharmacology: Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Medications > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Medications Flashcards

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1
Q

Exemplars of Gastrointestinal Medications

A
  • Histamine 2 Receptors (Famotidine)
  • Proton Pump Inhibitor (Pantoprazole)
  • Antiemetic (Ondansetron)
  • Laxative (Senna)
  • Anti-diarrheal (Loperamide)
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2
Q

H2-Receptor Antagonist

A

(Famotidine)

  • H2-antagonists block histamine from stimulating the acid-secreting parietal cells of the stomach
  • promote healing of duodenal and gastric ulcers
  • reduce gastric acid production
  • reduce gastric-acid secretion to prevent stress ulcers
  • use cautiously; can increase the blood level of many drugs that can lead to toxicity
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3
Q

Famotidine Patient Teaching

A

(Histamine 2- Receptor)

  • do not take with antacid
  • may take drug with snack
  • best taken at bedtime
  • take only for 6-12 weeks per MD order
  • smoking stimulates gastric acid secretion and worsens the disease
  • use cautiously in patients with renal impairment
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4
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pantoprazole

A
  • disrupt chemical binding in stomach cells to reduce acid production
  • indicated for short-term treatment of active gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers
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5
Q

Adverse Reactions with Proton Pump Inhibitor: Pantoprazole

A
  • headaches
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
  • nausea + vomiting
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6
Q

Patient Teaching for Proton-Pump Inhibitor: Pantoprazole

A
  • take before eating
  • swallow tablets whole (enteric-coated) to bypass the stomach because they are unstable in acidic environments
  • rapidly absorbed from the small intestine
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7
Q

Antiemetic Drugs: Ondansetron

A
  • decrease nausea, which reduces urge to vomit

- used to prevent motion sickness

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8
Q

Side Effects of Antiemetic: Ondansetron

A

CNS Effects:

  • drowsiness
  • disorientation
  • anxiety
  • euphoria
  • agitation
  • depression
  • headache
  • insomnia
  • restlessness
  • weakness
  • tremors
  • BP changes
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9
Q

What to Monitor For in Antiemetic: Ondansetron

A
  • I’s & O’s
  • Vital Signs
  • Electrolyte Levels
  • Frequency + Amount of Vomiting
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10
Q

Patient Teaching with Antiemetic: Ondansetron

A
  • avoid alcohol

- avoid hazardous activities until CNS effects are known

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11
Q

Laxatives

A

(Senna)

  • stimulant laxative
  • increases intestinal peristalsis and promotes fluid accumulation in the colon and small intestine leading to emptying the bowel
  • preferred drug for constipation and preparation for surgery or endoscopic procedures
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12
Q

What to Monitor For in Laxatives: Senna

A

-Bowel Sounds
>if not present, laxative should not be given
>lack of bowel sounds can indicate a bowel obstruction and administering laxatives could cause perforation of the bowel to occur

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13
Q

Teaching For Laxatives: Senna

A
  • combine laxative therapy with
  • increased fiber
  • increased fluid intake
  • increased activity
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14
Q

Anti-Diarrheal Medications: Loperamide

A
  • used to treat short-term, treatment of severe diarrhea
  • inhibits peristalsis
  • reduces fecal volume
  • increases fecal viscosity and bulk thus diminishing loss of fluid and electrolytes
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15
Q

What to Assess for With Anti-Diarrheal Medications (Loperamide)

A
  • bowel status of patient before administering these drugs
  • diarrhea can be a sign of partial bowel obstruction, causing bowel excretions to become liquefied as it squeezes by the obstructed area of the bowel
  • assess fluid + bowel status throughout treatment
  • at risk for dehydration due to loss of fluid
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16
Q

Side Effects of Anti-Diarrheal (Loperamide)

A
  • drowsiness

- constipation

17
Q

Patient Teaching for Anti-Diarrheal (Loperamide)

A
  • use cautiously with other CNS depressants

- take medication only as directed

18
Q

Exemplars of Endocrine Medications

A
  • Antidiabetic Medications (Insulin, Glipizide)

- Hormones (Levothyroxine)

19
Q

Antidiabetics (Insulin, Glipizide)

A

-lower blood glucose levels

20
Q

Anti-diabetic (Insulin)

A

-increases glucose transportation across muscle and fat cell membranes to reduce blood glucose levels and converts glucose to its storage form glycogen

21
Q

Anti-diabetics, what Type 1 and Type 2 require

A

Type 1= require an external source of insulin to control blood glucose levels because their body is no longer manufacturing insulin
Type 2= use anti-diabetic meds but also needs insulin supplementation because the body is not able to manufacture enough insulin to supply the bodys needs

22
Q

Teaching for Antidiabetic: Insulin

A
  • insulin cannot be given orally as the GI system inactivates it
  • insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection or
  • IV in emergency situations
23
Q

Insulin Nursing Interventions

A
  • dosages are often ordered on a sliding scale to ensure that the dosage is appropriate to the patients current blood glucose level
  • patients will be taught to check their blood sugar levels frequently using a finger stick blood glucose monitor to determine appropriate dose
  • monitor for adverse effects: hypoglycemia or hypersensitivity reactions
24
Q

Oral Anti-diabetic Meds: Glipizide

A
  • produce actions within and outside the pancreas to regulate blood glucose
  • decrease glucose production in the liver and increase the number of insulin receptors in the peripheral tissues
  • for type 2 diabetics where diet + exercise do not control disease
25
Q

Side Effects of Oral Anti-diabetic Meds: Glipizide

A
  • hypoglycemia due to too much insulin production
  • GI symptoms
  • CNS symptoms
26
Q

Hormones

A

(Levothyroxine)

  • hormone replacement therapy supplements the bodys ability to manufacture hormones naturally
  • ensures appropriate hormonal levels are maintained in the body
  • common hormones replaced: insulin, thyroid, pituitary, estrogens + androgens
  • monitor hormone level
  • monitor for symptoms of excess or insufficiency of hormonal meds
27
Q

Levothyroxine (Thyroid Hormones)

A
  • thyroid hormone increases metabolic rates in tissues affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism
  • thyroid hormone increases heart rate and cardiac output
  • increases blood flow to the kidneys
  • increases glomerular filtration rate
  • monitor for signs + symptoms of elevated thyroid hormone levels
  • monitor for; nervousness, insomnia, tremor, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
28
Q

Thyroid hormone; Nursing Interventions

A
  • monitor thyroid hormone levels, pulse, BP, and clotting times if on anticoagulants
  • taking anticoagulants with levothyroxine–> dosage should be decreased and PT tests done routinely
  • monitor for signs + symptoms of thyrotoxicosis or increased thyroid levels
  • including: diarrhea, irritability, listlessness, rapid heartbeat, vomiting, weakness
  • take meds one hour before eating in the morning

Nursing 171 (38 decks)

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