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Nursing 171 > Pharmacology: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medications > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medications Flashcards

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1
Q

Exemplars of Cardiovascular Drugs

A
  • Anti-arrhythmic
  • Anti-anginal
  • Anti-hypertensives
  • Diuretics
  • Lipid-Lowering Agents
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2
Q

Anti-arrhythmic Drugs

A

(Digoxin)

  • used to treat irregular heart beats (arrhythmias) caused by altered conduction of electrical impulses through SA + AV nodes
  • correct cardiac arrhythmias by a variety of mechanisms, depending on group used
  • Goal: decrease symptoms + improve cardiac function
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3
Q

Anti-arrhythmic Drugs: Digoxin

A
  • works on CNS to slow HR
  • boosts intracellular calcium at the cell membrane resulting in stronger, slower contractions
  • increase cardiac output
  • used to treat heart failure, atrial tachycardia, and atrial flutter
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4
Q

Managing Digoxin (anti-arrhythmic drug)

A
  • Therapeutic level–> a loading dose is often used and then decreased to a therapeutic dose
  • narrow therapeutic index resulting in a low margin of safety
  • toxicity is common so drug levels are drawn frequently
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5
Q

Signs + Symptoms of Digoxin Toxicity

A
  • GI upset: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
  • Neuro changes: headache, insomnia, confusion, vision changes, depression
  • Cardiac changes: arrhythmias
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6
Q

Patient Teaching with Digoxin

A
  • pulse rate must be checked regularly
  • hold dose if pulse rate is below 60 beats/min
  • take medication daily
  • do not double dose if missed
  • limit salt intake
  • eat foods high in potassium
  • digoxin can alter requirements for diabetic meds
  • requires periodic EKGs, digoxin level blood tests to ensure the med is at a safe level + cardiac status WNL
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7
Q

Anti-anginal Drugs

A

(Nitroglycerin)
-used to treat angina
>occurs when the coronary arteries are not supplying enough oxygen to the heart
(usually happens because of narrowing and hardening of the arteries which leads to decreased perfusion of oxygen to the heart muscle)

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8
Q

Anti-anginal Drugs: Nitroglycerin

A
  • relaxes vascular smooth muscle and causes general vasodilation
  • increased blood flow = increased amount of oxygen getting to the heart muscle
  • sublingual tablets work quickly to dilate coronary arteries in response to chest pain
  • transdermal patch administers small amounts of the drug slowly to maintain vasodilation of the coronary arteries
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9
Q

Patient Teaching for Nitroglycerin

A

-take medication as directed by physician and have medication with you at all times
-do not stop drug without physician approval
-change positions and go up and down stairs slowly to prevent dizziness
-tablets may be taken approximately 5 minutes apart to achieve pain relief
>if after 3 doses no relief, go directly to the ER
-avoid alcohol

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10
Q

Anti-hypertensive Drug

A

(Metoprolol)
-used to treat patients with hypertension, who have an elevation of the systolic or diastolic blood pressures or both
-classes of anti-hypertensive medications:
>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
>Angiotensin- receptor blockers (ARBs)
>Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
>Beta-adrenergic antagonists (Metoprolol)

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11
Q

Anti-hypertensive Drug: Metoprolol

A

-used as a first-line therapy for treating hypertension, and for long-term prevention of angina
-Beta-adrenergic blocker decrease BP and block beta-adrenergic receptor sites in the heart muscle and conduction system
>decreases HR and reduces the force of the hearts contractions
>lowers hearts demand for oxygen

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12
Q

Adverse Reactions of Metoprolol (anti-hypertensive drug)

A
  • bradycardia
  • angina
  • arrhythmias
  • fainting
  • heart failure
  • fluid retention
  • nausea + vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • constriction of the bronchioles
  • shock
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13
Q

Drug Interactions for Metoprolol

A
  • antacids interfere with absorption
  • NSAIDs decrease hypotensive effects
  • Lidocaine toxicity is possible
  • decreased bronchodilation with theophylline
  • hypotensive effects increased when administered with diuretics
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14
Q

Nursing Assessment/ Teaching with Metoprolol

A
  • check apical pulse rate and BP before administering
  • assess for frequency of angina
  • monitor lab work for alterations
  • monitor ECG periodically or when dose is changed
  • monitor signs + symptoms of heart failure–> dyspnea, rales/crackles, weight gain, peripheral edema, jugular vein distension
  • abrupt withdrawal may accelerate life-threatening problems
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15
Q

Diuretic Drugs

A 
(Furosemide)
-used to promote the excretion of water and electrolytes via the kidneys
-play a major role in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease
Categories:
>Thiazide + Thiazide-like diuretics
>osmotic diuretics
>potassium sparing diuretics
>loop diuretics (Furosemide)
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16
Q

Nursing Assessment for Furosemide

A

(Loop Diuretic)

  • assess fluid status: daily weights, intake + output ratio, amount + location of edema, skin turgor, lung sounds, moisture in mucous membranes
  • monitor BP + pulse rate before and during treatment
  • monitor electrolyte levels
  • monitor for side effects: chest, back, or leg pain, rash, dyspnea, excessive weight gain or diuresis
17
Q

Side Effects if Furosemide

A

(loop diuretic)

  • chest, back, or leg pain
  • rash
  • dyspnea
  • excessive weight gain
  • diuresis
18
Q

Patient Teaching for Furosemide

A
  • change positions slowly due to orthostatic hypotension
  • avoid highly salted foods
  • consult MD about increasing potassium in diet
  • discharge teaching–> include daily weights, intake + output, monitoring of edema
19
Q

Lipid-Lowering Agents

A

(Simvastatin)
-used to lower abnormally high blood levels of lipids (fats) including triglycerides and phospholipids which increase risk of coronary artery disease
-reduces low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and total cholesterol levels which often results in a mild increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels
>LDL–> bad + contribute to arteriosclerosis
>HDL–> good + prevent increased cholesterol levels

20
Q

Patient Teaching with Simvastatin

A

(lipid-lowering agent)

  • blood levels of cholesterol and liver function tests will be monitored before + throughout treatment
  • watch for deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, +K) and folic acid (long term side effect of drug)
  • side effects: GI upset: abdominal cramping, constipation, diarrhea, flatus, heartburn
21
Q

Side Effects of Simvastatin

A 
(lipid-lowering agent)
-GI upset:
>abdominal cramping
>constipation
>diarrhea
>flatus
>heartburn
22
Q

Exemplars of Respiratory Medication

A
  • Bronchodilator (Albuterol)

- Expectorant (Guaifenesin)

23
Q

Bronchodilator

A

(respiratory med, albuterol)

  • albuterol inhibits muscarinic receptors, resulting in bronchodilation
  • Inhalable forms–> quick relief agent for acute bronchospasms
  • Oral agents–> used by patients with chronic/ persistent bronchospasms
24
Q

Nebulizer Treatment

A

-liquid medications such as Albuterol, are administered via a nebulizer machine that turns liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled into the lungs

25
Q

Patient Treatment for Albuterol (Bronchodilator)

A
  • assess respiratory condition and peak flow readings before therapy and regularly thereafter
  • take medications at scheduled times
  • do not take over-the-counter medications
26
Q

Adverse Reactions of Albuterol (Bronchodilator)

A
  • nervousness
  • tachycardia
  • nausea + vomiting
  • paradoxical bronchospasm with excessive use
27
Q

Expectorants

A

(Guaifenesin)

  • reduces viscosity of tenacious secretions by increasing respiratory tract fluid leading to mobilization and expectoration (spitting out) of mucous
  • assess patients sputum before and after treatment for color, clarity, and consistency
28
Q

Patient Teaching for Guaifenesin

A

(expectorant)

  • perform deep-breathing exercises and stay hydrated
  • do not take over-the-counter medications unless approved by prescriber or pharmacist
29
Q

Adverse Reactions of Guaifenesin

A

(expectorant)

  • vomiting + nausea
  • diarrhea
  • drowsiness
  • abdominal pain
  • headache
  • allergic reaction

Nursing 171 (38 decks)

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