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Nursing 171 > NURS 171 Week 11: Culture and Ethnicity > Flashcards

NURS 171 Week 11: Culture and Ethnicity Flashcards

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1
Q

Cultural Competence

A
  • helps nurses when providing care

- helps nurses when teaching, supervising, and modeling culturally competent care to others

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2
Q

What is meant by Culture?

A

-what people in a group have in common
-changes over time
-blend of ethnicity, race, + religion
“the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways… that guides their worldview and decision making”

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3
Q

Culture Definition

A

the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways…that guides their worldview and decision making

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4
Q

Culture Characteristics

A
  • provide identity and sense of belonging
  • common beliefs + practices: beliefs, traditions and customs
  • exists at many levels: art, literature, dress, artifacts
  • passed down from generation to generation
  • assumptions and habits are unconscious
  • diversity
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5
Q

Ethnicity, Race and Religion

A
  • culture is a blend of all of these
  • they are not interchangeable
  • Ethnic group: French Canadians, Portuguese Americans
  • Racial Group: white, black, Chinese, Japanese, other Asian
  • Religion: Catholic, Jewish
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6
Q

Ethnicity

A
  • members share a common social and cultural heritage that is passed down from generation to generation
    ex: French Canadians, Roman Catholics, Latinos
  • may include race but not the same as race
  • subculture: members of some ethnic groups have same characteristics in common
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7
Q

Race

A 
-strictly related to biology: skin color, blood type, or bone structure
US Census terms on race:
-White
-Black, African American or Negro
-American Indian or Alaska Native
-Asian
-Native Hawaiian
-Pacific Islander
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8
Q

Religion

A
  • ordered system of beliefs regarding the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe
  • ordered system of beliefs related to the worship of god or gods
  • in many cultures religion is a high priority
  • separate from ethnicity but
  • may overlap as in Jewish Culture and Jewish Religion
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9
Q

Socialization

A

learning to become a member of a society or group

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10
Q

Immigrants

A

new members of a group or country

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11
Q

Acculturation

A

when an immigrant assumes characteristics of new culture while retaining own culture traits

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12
Q

Cultural Assimilation

A

take on essential values, beliefs, and behaviors of dominant culture (language)

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13
Q

Dominant Culture

A

group that has the most authority or power to control values ( usually the largest group)

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14
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

tendency to think your own group is superior

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15
Q

Subculture

A

groups within larger culture that share some characteristics yet some are different
ex: nurses, women, people with disabilities

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16
Q

Minority Groups

A

fewer members than dominant culture

-sometimes refers to those who receive different and unequal treatment from others in society

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17
Q

Vulnerable Populations

A 
more likely to develop health problems
ex:
-homeless
-mentally ill
-poor
-disabled
-young
-old
(often have limited access to healthcare)
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18
Q

Values

A

help shape health-related beliefs and practices

-personal values: principle or standard that has meaning or worth to an individual

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19
Q

Personal Values

A

principle or standard that has meaning or worth to an individual

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20
Q

Beliefs

A

something one accepts to be true

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21
Q

Practice

A

set of behaviors that one follows

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22
Q

How Do Cultural Values, Beliefs, + Practices Affect Health?

A
  • culture values, beliefs, + practices: principles, standards, ideas, and behaviors that members of a cultural group share
  • do not assume a client shares the values, beliefs, and practices of the dominant culture
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23
Q

Culture Universals

A

are values, beliefs, and practices that people from all cultures share

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24
Q

Culture Specifics

A

values, beliefs, and practices that are special or unique to a culture

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25
Q

Archetypes

A

something recurrent, based on facts

dark skin, blue eyes of culture members

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26
Q

Stereotypes

A

widely held but oversimplified beliefs that have no basis in fact

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27
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect (Influence) Health

A
  • communication
  • space
  • time orientation
  • social organization
  • environmental control
  • biological variations
  • religion
  • education
  • technology
  • politics and law
  • economy
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28
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Communication

A

-language barriers
-cultural norms
ex:
-Arabs show direct eye contact but only between the same sex
-Asians + Native Americans do not make eye contact

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29
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Space

A

Personal space + territoriality
ex:
-North Americans + Northern Europeans want 18 inches in personal space
-Arabs: stand close
-Germans: far space. Looking into rooms = invasion of privacy

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30
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Time Orientation

A

-present/future oriented; rooted in past
ex:
-European Americans: future
-Native Americans + Latinos: present. may forget appointments

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31
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Social Organization

A

family unit affects how and who gets healthcare

  • specifics of closeness may vary
  • social organization of the clients family will influence what treatment will be acceptable to the client
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32
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Environmental Control

A

health and illness beliefs and practices

  • does patient believe his actions will help him get better? may delay treatment
  • Asians: cant view circumstances as something to be controlled so will accept pain stoically
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33
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Biological Variations

A
  • differences genetically and physiologically
  • may be more susceptible to certain diseases
  • have different response to treatment
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34
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Religion

A

beliefs may affect choices

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35
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Education

A

influences perception of wellness/ illness and knowledge of options

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36
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Technology

A

expectation that supplies and equipment are available

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37
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Politics and Law

A
  • affordable care act

- medicare

38
Q

Cultural Specifics that Affect Health: Economy

A
  • funded programs

- ability to pay

39
Q

Indigenous Healthcare System

A

folk medicine and traditional healing methods, OTC and self healing

40
Q

Professional Healthcare System

A

run by professional healthcare providers

North American = Western Medicine

41
Q

Alternative and Complementary Medicine

A
  • therapeutic touch
  • reflexology
  • acupressure
  • chiropractic
42
Q

What are Health and Illness Beliefs?

A
  • Scientific/ biomedical health system
  • Magico-religious system
  • Holistic belief system
43
Q

Health + Illness Beliefs: Scientific/ biomedical Health System

A

western medicine

44
Q

Health + Illness Beliefs: Maigco-religious System

A

belief in supernatural forces dominates (mystical, voodoo)

45
Q

Health + Illness Beliefs: Holistic Belief System

A

focuses on need for harmony and balance of body with nature

46
Q

Nursing Values

A
  • silent suffering as a response to pain
  • objective reporting and description of pain
  • use of nursing process
  • nursing autonomy
  • caring
  • knowledge
  • critical thinking
47
Q

Nursing

A
  • largest subculture in healthcare culture
  • need to examine their own professional values
  • understand health + illness from patients point of view
    ex: Mexicans may believe that illness is caused by bodys imbalance of hot + cold
48
Q

Traditional Healing

A

all cultures think their healthcare system and belief are “traditional”

49
Q

Folk Medicine

A
  • natural medicines such as herbs, plants, minerals, animal substances
  • beliefs and practices that members of a cultural group follow when they are ill
  • all cultures use some form of folk medicine (from generation to generation)
50
Q

Magico-religious Folk Medicine

A

use charms, holy words, rituals and holy actions

51
Q

Complementary Medicine

A

uses rigorously tested therapies to complement those of conventional medicine
-chiropractic

52
Q

Alternative Medicine

A

therapies used instead of conventional medicine, reliability has not been validated by clinical testing in U.S. (magnet therpay)

53
Q

What is Culturally Competent Care?

A
  • a development process

- achieved on a continuum (incompetent to competent)

54
Q

Cultural Awareness

A

appreciation of the external signs of diversity

55
Q

Cultural Sensitivity

A

personal attitudes and being mindful to not be offensive to someone of another culture

56
Q

Cultural Competence

A

a developmental process related to awareness of the needs of various cultural groups

57
Q

Native Americans Dominant Values

A
  • bonding to family/ group
  • acceptance of nature
  • tradition
  • sharing
  • belief in spiritual power
  • respect of elders
58
Q

Native American Health + Illness Beliefs

A
  • health means living in harmony with nature (holistic)
  • surviving under difficult circumstances
  • body treated with respect
  • illness associated with disharmony or evil spirits
  • illness caused by an action that should have not been performed
59
Q

Native American Health + Illness Practices

A
  • rituals + ceremonies
  • chanting
  • purification
  • meditation
  • herbs
60
Q

Asian + Pacific Islander Dominant Values

A
  • extended family
  • respect for elders
  • group orientation
  • subordination to authority
  • conformity
  • self-respect
  • self-control
  • love of the land
61
Q

Asian + Pacific Islander Health + Illness Beliefs

A
  • health is a state of physical + spiritual harmony

- illness is the disharmony of basic principles: yin and yang

62
Q

Asian + Pacific Islander Health + Illness Practices

A
  • acupuncture
  • amulets
  • moxibustion
  • mediation
  • herbs
63
Q

Black or African American Dominant Values

A
  • family bonding
  • matrifocal
  • spiritual orientation
  • present oriented
64
Q

Black or African American Health + Illness Beliefs

A
  • health is harmony with nature (mind, body, spirit)

- illness is the result of disharmony or failure to eat proper foods

65
Q

Black or African American Health + Illness Practices

A
  • prayer
  • laying on of hands
  • magic rituals
  • voodoo
  • herbs
66
Q

Hispanic or Latino Dominant Values

A
  • extended family
  • group emphasis
  • fatalistic
  • faith + spirituality
67
Q

Hispanic or Latino Health + Illness Beliefs

A
  • health is good luck or a reward for good behavior, a gift from god
  • illness is body imbalance (hot or cold, wet or dry) or punishment
68
Q

Hispanic or Latino Health + Illness Practices

A
  • prayer
  • belief in miracles
  • wearing of religious medals or amulets
  • religious relics in home
  • herbs + spices
  • rituals
  • “hot” or “cold” therapy
69
Q

White or European American Dominant Values

A
  • independence
  • individuality
  • wealth
  • comfort
  • cleanliness
  • achievement
  • youth + beauty
70
Q

White or European American Health + Illness Beliefs

A
  • health is a state of physical and emotional well-being

- illness is a contagion or contamination that is hereditary, psychosomatic or supernatural

71
Q

White or European American Health + Illness Practices

A
  • biomedical care
  • home remedies
  • religious traditions
  • diet + exercise
72
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care

A
  • bias
  • ethnocentrism
  • cultural stereotypes
  • prejudice
  • discrimination
  • racism
  • sexism
  • male chauvinism
  • language barrier
  • street talk, slang, healthcare jargon
73
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Bias

A

lack of impartiality, one sidedness

74
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Ethnocentrism

A

believing own values are right and other cultures are wrong or bizarre

75
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Cultural Stereotypes

A

unsubstantiated belief that all people of a certain racial or ethnic group are alike in certain respects

76
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Prejudice

A

negative attitudes toward other people based on faulty and rigid stereotypes about race, gender, sexual orientation and so on

77
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Discrimination

A

behavior manifestations of prejudice

  • behavior that results from a prejudice
    ex: admits Hispanic patients to a room at the end of the hall so the noise from the family will not disturb others
78
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Racism

A
  • form of prejudice + discrimination
  • race is the principle determining factor of human traits and capabilities
  • racial differences produce an inherent superiority (or inferiority)
  • nurses must recognize that racism can play a major role in communication
79
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Sexism

A

assumption that members of one sex are superior to those of the other sex
-male nurses may experience rejection by peers and patients

80
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Male Chauvinism

A

male superiority is common in many cultures and healthcare settings

81
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Language Barrier

A
  • many clients do not speak English in their home
  • speak English poorly
  • affects your ability to communicate with clients
82
Q

Barriers to Culturally Competent Care: Street Talk, Slang, Healthcare Jargon

A

pot their own set of communication challenges

83
Q

Nursing Strategies for Response to a Clients Cultural Health Practices

A
  • find out if orders conflict with folk or alternative medicine beliefs- if so suggest modifications
  • provide educational materials that are translated
  • make community referrals as needed
84
Q

How Should I Respond to a Clients Cultural Health Practice?

A

step in and negotiate when practices might be harmful to client

85
Q

How Do I Communicate With Clients Who Speak a Different Language?

A
  • use a professional medical interpreter

- family + friends should not be used as an interpreter

86
Q

Developing Strategies

A
  • respect your clients
  • never force, pressure, manipulate or coerce them to participate in care that conflicts with their values + beliefs
  • appreciate client as unique
  • learn about clients cultural group
  • incorporate clients cultural values/ behaviors into care plan
87
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Verbal/ Nonverbal Communication

A
  • is touch expected or prohibited
  • is eye contact expected or avoiding
  • ask client how he wishes to be addressed
88
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Personal Space

A

know usual comfortable distance for conversing

89
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Body Language

A
  • smiling does not universally indicate friendliness

- know what gestures are acceptable

90
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Time Orientation

A
  • keep time commitments to client

- avoid surprise visits

91
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Social Organization

A

know which person in family is leader or decision maker

92
Q

Being Considerate of Cultural Specifics: Environmental Control

A
  • know clients health traditions and practices are
  • do they believe they have the ability to change things?
  • know the general influence of culture on perception and tolerance of pain
  • what foods are forbidden, not eaten together

Nursing 171 (38 decks)

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