Pharmacology Chapter Flashcards
Pharmacology?
Pharmacology?
.Is the study of the properties of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
.Pharmacology - means the study of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics?
.Means drug movement, so what happens to it when it enters the body.
.Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.
Absorption?
Absorption?
.The route of administration
.The disease status of the patient
.The formulation of the drug affect during absorption into the body.
Bioavailability?
Bioavailability?
.The percentage of the drug that goes into the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the body.
.Drugs given by IV are 100% or 1 in bioavailability as they are given directly into the bloodstream, so no absorption phase.
Oral drug administration route?
Oral drug administration route?
.Mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - liver (hepatic portal circulation)
Liver?
Liver?
.Removes potential toxic substances from drugs before they reach the blood. This part can completely break down the drug and is known as the FIRST PASS EFFECT. This is one reason that some drugs can’t be given orally
Hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic?
.Drugs that dissolve more easily in water.
Lipophilic?
Lipophilic?
.Drugs that dissolve more easily in fat.
Distribution?
Distribution?
.The movement of drugs from the systemic circulation into the body tissues.
Wide therapeutic range?
Wide therapeutic range?
.Large overdose before toxicity occurs.
.Amoxicillin - has a wide therapeutic range.
Narrow therapeutic range?
Narrow therapeutic range?
.Cause toxicity with small overdose
.Digoxin - has a narrow therapeutic range.
Therapeutic range?
Therapeutic range?
.The higher the figure, the safer the drug.
The elimination half life?
The elimination half life?
.The amount of time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to decrease by 50% by metabolism and elimination.
.Phenobarbital - has a elimination half life of 2 days.
.Potassium bromide - has a half life of 24 days, can be a loading dose.
Pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics?
.Means drug action
Drug therapy?
Drug therapy?
.The basic principle of drug therapy is to maintain concentration within the therapeutic range.
Affinity?
Affinity?
.Attraction to the receptor site. Strong affinity stay for longer. Weak affinity leaves sooner.
Antacids?
Antacids?
.Reduce acidity in the stomach, in order to prevent,manage or reverse damage to the intestinal tract.
Anticonvulsents?
Anticonvulsents?
.Prevent or control convulsions
Antiemetics?
Antiemetics?
.Prevent or decrease vomiting
Antihistamines?
Antihistamines?
.Prevent or decrease the effects of histamine
Antineoplastics?
Antineoplastics?
.Treat neoplastic or cancerous tissue
.Most of them are cytotoxic
Antitussives?
Antitussives?
.Used to suppress coughing.
.Centrally acting e.g. act on the cough centre in the brain.
.Examples - butorphanol and codeine
Astringents & keratolytics?
Astringents & keratolytics?
.Medicated shampoos, lotions or drops
Bronchodilators?
Bronchodilators?
.Agents that cause the smooth muscle of the terminal bronchioles to relax and widen.
Corticosteroids?
Corticosteroids?
.Are hormones that are naturally produced by the adrenal cortex.
.Mineralocorticoids - mainly affect the mineral balance of the body e.g. fludrocortisone for addison’s disease.
.Glucocorticoids - mainly exert an anti-inflammatory affect on the body, as well as affecting glucose metabolism e.g. hydrocortisone prednisone, dexamethasone.
Diuretics?
Diuretics?
.Agents that promote water loss by increasing the amount of urine production.
.Used to reduce fluid retention caused by congestive heart failure, some respiratory diseases and acute renal failure.
.Furosemide - long-term use can cause hypokalemia. It is a loop diuretic.
Parasympathomimetic?
Parasympathomimetic?
.Agents that mimic/ inhibit the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.
.Example - atropine
Sympathomimetics?
Sympathomimetics?
.Agents that mimic the effect and block the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.
.Used for conditions where sympathetic stimulation is excessive or inadequate and causes problems.
.Examples - isoprenaline and pimobendan
Tranquillisers?
Tranquillisers?
.Tend to reduce anxiety and produce a mentally relaxed state.
Sedatives?
Sedatives?
.Produce profound drowsiness
.Potent sedatives/ hypnotics/ narcotics - induce sleep or reduce consciousness.
Vaccines?
Vaccines?
.Stimulates active immunity against a known disease.
.They can be live, containing microorganisms that are similar to the pathogen or the pathogen may have been manipulated to render it.
.Safe first use (attenuated) so that it stimulates a suitable immune response but does not cause the disease.
Toxoids?
Toxoids?
.Inactivated vaccines containing purified versions of toxins produced by the pathogen to stimulate immunity to that toxin.
POM-Vs?
POM-Vs?
.Controlled drugs (CDs)
