Pharmacology Chapter

Question 1

Pharmacology?

Answer 1

Pharmacology?

.Is the study of the properties of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

.Pharmacology - means the study of drugs.

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics?

.Means drug movement, so what happens to it when it enters the body.

.Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.

Question 3

Absorption?

Answer 3

Absorption?

.The route of administration

.The disease status of the patient

.The formulation of the drug affect during absorption into the body.

Question 4

Bioavailability?

Answer 4

Bioavailability?

.The percentage of the drug that goes into the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the body.

.Drugs given by IV are 100% or 1 in bioavailability as they are given directly into the bloodstream, so no absorption phase.

Question 5

Oral drug administration route?

Answer 5

Oral drug administration route?

.Mouth - oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - liver (hepatic portal circulation)

Question 6

Liver?

Answer 6

Liver?

.Removes potential toxic substances from drugs before they reach the blood. This part can completely break down the drug and is known as the FIRST PASS EFFECT. This is one reason that some drugs can’t be given orally

Question 7

Hydrophilic?

Answer 7

Hydrophilic?

.Drugs that dissolve more easily in water.

Question 8

Lipophilic?

Answer 8

Lipophilic?

.Drugs that dissolve more easily in fat.

Question 9

Distribution?

Answer 9

Distribution?

.The movement of drugs from the systemic circulation into the body tissues.

Question 10

Wide therapeutic range?

Answer 10

Wide therapeutic range?

.Large overdose before toxicity occurs.

.Amoxicillin - has a wide therapeutic range.

Question 11

Narrow therapeutic range?

Answer 11

Narrow therapeutic range?

.Cause toxicity with small overdose

.Digoxin - has a narrow therapeutic range.

Question 12

Therapeutic range?

Answer 12

Therapeutic range?

.The higher the figure, the safer the drug.

Question 13

The elimination half life?

Answer 13

The elimination half life?

.The amount of time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to decrease by 50% by metabolism and elimination.

.Phenobarbital - has a elimination half life of 2 days.

.Potassium bromide - has a half life of 24 days, can be a loading dose.

Question 14

Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 14

Pharmacodynamics?

.Means drug action

Question 15

Drug therapy?

Answer 15

Drug therapy?

.The basic principle of drug therapy is to maintain concentration within the therapeutic range.

Question 16

Affinity?

Answer 16

Affinity?

.Attraction to the receptor site. Strong affinity stay for longer. Weak affinity leaves sooner.

Question 17

Antacids?

Answer 17

Antacids?

.Reduce acidity in the stomach, in order to prevent,manage or reverse damage to the intestinal tract.

Question 18

Anticonvulsents?

Answer 18

Anticonvulsents?

.Prevent or control convulsions

Question 19

Antiemetics?

Answer 19

Antiemetics?

.Prevent or decrease vomiting

Question 20

Antihistamines?

Answer 20

Antihistamines?

.Prevent or decrease the effects of histamine

Question 21

Antineoplastics?

Answer 21

Antineoplastics?

.Treat neoplastic or cancerous tissue

.Most of them are cytotoxic

Question 22

Antitussives?

Answer 22

Antitussives?

.Used to suppress coughing.

.Centrally acting e.g. act on the cough centre in the brain.

.Examples - butorphanol and codeine

Question 23

Astringents & keratolytics?

Answer 23

Astringents & keratolytics?

.Medicated shampoos, lotions or drops

Question 24

Bronchodilators?

Answer 24

Bronchodilators?

.Agents that cause the smooth muscle of the terminal bronchioles to relax and widen.

Question 25

Corticosteroids?

Answer 25

Corticosteroids?

.Are hormones that are naturally produced by the adrenal cortex.

.Mineralocorticoids - mainly affect the mineral balance of the body e.g. fludrocortisone for addison’s disease.

.Glucocorticoids - mainly exert an anti-inflammatory affect on the body, as well as affecting glucose metabolism e.g. hydrocortisone prednisone, dexamethasone.

Question 26

Diuretics?

Answer 26

Diuretics?

.Agents that promote water loss by increasing the amount of urine production.

.Used to reduce fluid retention caused by congestive heart failure, some respiratory diseases and acute renal failure.

.Furosemide - long-term use can cause hypokalemia. It is a loop diuretic.

Question 27

Parasympathomimetic?

Answer 27

Parasympathomimetic?

.Agents that mimic/ inhibit the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

.Example - atropine

Question 28

Sympathomimetics?

Answer 28

Sympathomimetics?

.Agents that mimic the effect and block the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.

.Used for conditions where sympathetic stimulation is excessive or inadequate and causes problems.

.Examples - isoprenaline and pimobendan

Question 29

Tranquillisers?

Answer 29

Tranquillisers?

.Tend to reduce anxiety and produce a mentally relaxed state.

Question 30

Sedatives?

Answer 30

Sedatives?

.Produce profound drowsiness

.Potent sedatives/ hypnotics/ narcotics - induce sleep or reduce consciousness.

Question 31

Vaccines?

Answer 31

Vaccines?

.Stimulates active immunity against a known disease.

.They can be live, containing microorganisms that are similar to the pathogen or the pathogen may have been manipulated to render it.

.Safe first use (attenuated) so that it stimulates a suitable immune response but does not cause the disease.

Question 32

Toxoids?

Answer 32

Toxoids?

.Inactivated vaccines containing purified versions of toxins produced by the pathogen to stimulate immunity to that toxin.

Question 33

POM-Vs?

Answer 33

POM-Vs?

.Controlled drugs (CDs)