Emergency & Intensive Critical Care

Question 1

Telephone triage?

Answer 1

Telephone triage?

.Required clinical staff to determine the urgency of a pet’s problem e.g. ABC

Question 2

See vet immediately for?

Answer 2

See vet immediately for?

.Dyspnea .Not getting up

.Not able to urinate .Bleeding

.Traumatic injury .Poisoning

.Abdominal distention

.Pale MM

Question 3

ABC?

Answer 3

ABC?

.Airways - check for instruction & gag reflex

.Breathing - check for breathing efforts, rate & sound

.Circulation - check MMC, CRT, heartrate, pulse quality & extremity temperature.

Question 4

Stupor?

Answer 4

Stupor?

.Refers to a patient that is unconscious and only responsive to noxious stimuli.

Question 5

Coma?

Answer 5

Coma?

.Refers to a completely unconscious, non responsive state.

Question 6

Pulse?

Answer 6

Pulse?

.The greater the diastolic-systolic difference the ‘stronger’ the pulse will feel.

.Pulse pressure = systolic-diastolic pressure difference.

Question 7

Central venous pressure?

Answer 7

Central venous pressure?

.The blood pressure in the vena cava. It reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart.

Question 8

CVP?

Answer 8

CVP?

.Cats and dogs 0-10cm H2O

Question 9

Chocolate?

Answer 9

Chocolate?

.Absorption is slow, so emesis is useful even a few hours after ingestion.

.Treatment - emesis, activated charcoal & IV diuresis.

Question 10

NSAIDS?

Answer 10

NSAIDS?

.GI ulcerations, perforation and renal failure.

.Treatment - emesis, activated charcoal and 48 hour forced diuresis.

Question 11

Rodenticides?

Answer 11

Rodenticides?

.Stops the blood coagulating (anticoagulant).

.Treatment - vitamin K for maybe weeks and to control haemorrhage frozen or fresh plasma or whole blood.

.If ingestion less than 6 hours, emesis, activated charcoal and monitor coagulation profiles for 72 hours if not using vitamin K.

Question 12

Ethylene glycol?

Answer 12

Ethylene glycol?

.Relatively rapidly absorbed, metabolised and excreted.

.Treatment (recent ingestion) - emesis, supportive care (IV diuresis), dialysis and drugs ethanol

.Ethanol - is a antidote within 24 hours of ingestion.

Question 13

Grapes/ raisins?

Answer 13

Grapes/ raisins?

.Digestion of raisins is slow.

.Treatment - charcoal, 48 hour forced diuresis.

Question 14

Xylitol?

Answer 14

Xylitol?

.A common sweetener used in cakes, sweets and medications.

.Treatment - emesis, maybe charcoal and support for hypoglycemia e.g. glucose and feeding frequently.

Question 15

Penetrating wounds?

Answer 15

Penetrating wounds?

.Refer to those which have an entrance wound only.

Question 16

Perforating wounds?

Answer 16

Perforating wounds?

.With both an entrance and an exit wound.

Question 17

First degree burn?

Answer 17

First degree burn?

.Epidermis only

Question 18

Second degree burn?

Answer 18

Second degree burn?

.Epidermis & parts of the dermis

Question 19

Third degree burn?

Answer 19

Third degree burn?

.Epidermis, dermis & parts of the hypodermis

Question 20

Burns first aid?

Answer 20

Burns first aid?

.Should be cooled with running cool tap water for up to 30 mins (before taken to practice).

.Check temperature for hypothermia

Question 21

Hydrogel?

Answer 21

Hydrogel?

.Used on wounds at risk of drying out.

.Don’t apply under any bandages as when it drys it will stick except for foam or banadges with semi-permeable film backing bandage.

Question 22

Bandage layers?

Answer 22

Bandage layers?

.1st = primary layer (contact layer)

.2nd = secondary layer

.3rd = tertiary (third) layer

Question 23

Bandage secondary layer?

Answer 23

Bandage secondary layer?

.Provides support, comfort and absorption e.g. cotton wool or synthetic materials.

Question 24

Bandage tertiary layer?

Answer 24

Bandage tertiary layer?

.Holds the bandage in place e.g. adhesive wrap.

Question 25

Bandage primary layer?

Answer 25

Bandage primary layer?

.Directly contacts the wound to allow tissue fluid to pass through to the secondary layer.

.This layer prevents tissue desiccation and causes minimal trauma.

Question 26

Tie-over (bolus)?

Answer 26

Tie-over (bolus)?

.Bandage that is sutured in place by the vet.

Question 27

Pressure relief bandages?

Answer 27

Pressure relief bandages?

.Used for prevention of decubital ulcers e.g. doughnut shaped bandage.

Question 28

Ear bandaging?

Answer 28

Ear bandaging?

.Always note the position the ear is in on the bandage, so when removing you don’t cut the ear.

Question 29

Head or throat bandaging?

Answer 29

Head or throat bandaging?

.Make sure it’s not too tight, so they can open their mouth and respiration is not impaired.

.Neck - should fit two fingers under bandage.

Question 30

Eye injury first aid?

Answer 30

Eye injury first aid?

.Flush with saline to clean, place sterile gauze swab over the eye, apply buster collar, place in dark room, keep warm & monitor.

Question 31

Cardiac arrest?

Answer 31

Cardiac arrest?

.Means there is no forward blood flow out of the heart and no delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Question 32

Chest compressions?

Answer 32

Chest compressions?

.Are to provide pulmonary blood flow for oxygen uptake and co2 elimination and tissue perfusion for oxygen delivery to restore cellular metabolic activity.

.Give 100-120 compressions per minute for all animals.

Question 33

CPR procedure?

Answer 33

CPR procedure?

.Non-intubated - using the mouth to snout technique. Do 30 chest compressions then two breaths continuously for 2 mins and then rotate to someone else to not get tired.

.Intubated - ventilate at a rate of 10 breaths per min with an inspiratory time of approx 1 second and approx 6 seconds inbetween breaths.

.Post CPR - monitor, drug therapy & electrical defibrillation.