Canine & Feline Nutrition Flashcards by Julie Jackson

A nutrient?

.Is any food component that helps support life. These are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and water.

.Essential nutrients = must be present in the diet e.g. water is the most important nutrient.

.Energy - the energy content of food is from the fats, proteins and carbohydrates. All cells need energy and the more active they are the more they use

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Different foods?

.Compare the metabolisable energy (ME) which is the amount of energy in the food that is available to a pet.

.ME - measured in Kcal/100g of food fed.

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Water?

.Has no energy value, so moist food will have less energy density to dry food.

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Energy amount?

.Low energy - poor growth & weight loss

.Excess energy - causes growth abnormalities in young and obesity at all ages.

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Protein?

.Proteins - molecules made of chains of amino acids. For tissue growth & repair.

.Only 23 amino acids and animals need all of them.

.Essential amino acids - 10 for dogs and 11 for cats. The extra one for cats is taurine only found in meat and without can cause blindness & heart problems.

.Excess protein is used as an energy source but does not give as much energy as fats or carbohydrates.

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Obesity?

.Is a increase in body weight that is 15% over the optimum weight for the animal’s breed, age & sex.

.Need a very low energy density diet.

.Leads to diabetes, heart disease, joint disease and skin disorders.

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BER?

.Basal energy requirement is the energy expended while asleep.

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Energy expenditure?

.Related to body surface area.

.Small animals have a larger body surface area and have greater heat loss.

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Digestible food?

.Poorly digestible food - the energy contents is lower

.Highly digestible food - the energy content is higher

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Biological value?

.Quality of a protein and this depends on the amount of essential amino acids it contains

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Fats?

.Has more than twice the calorific density of protein or carbohydrates and if too much will be stored as fat and cause obesity in all animals.

.Low percentage of unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

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Oils?

.Oils

.High percentage of saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.

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Carbohydrates?

.Provide energy and can be converted to body fat

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Glucose?

.Animals have a metabolic requirement for glucose.

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Minerals?

.More than 18 are essential for mammals

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Vitamins?

.Assist in regulating energy metabolism and are involved in many biochemical reactions.

.Vitamin B complex and C - must be available daily as are lost via urine. If has polyuria give supplement.

.Important ones are - A,B,D,E

Puppies food?

.Need twice as much dietary energy on a per kg basis than adults.

.It should contain at least 22% protein

.Toy breed puppies need feeding little & often

Rickets?

.Vitamin D deficiency

Feeding during pregnancy?

.Food intake should increase during week 5 and last 3 weeks feed a puppy diet to give more energy but less food intake.

.Use small or medium puppy food not large puppy food.

.In the last 35 days of pregnancy the requirement for calcium & phosphorus increases by 60% because of the puppies forming.

Puppy weight?

.Should have doubled their birth weight in the first 9 days of life.

.Dogs milk contains more than twice the fat & protein of cow’s milk.

Diet for pregnant & lactating dogs?

.Complete adult food for the first 6 weeks of pregnancy.

.Complete small or medium puppy food for final 3 weeks of pregnancy and throughout lactation.

.Giant breeds may need complete puppy food for whole pregnancy & lactation.

Prebiotics?

.Are substances that are able to alter the gastrointestinal flora in a manner to benefit the microorganisms.

Probiotics?

.Are a live microbial feed supplement and improves the gastrointestinal microbial population.

.Are beneficial after gastroenteritis

Probiotics?

.Are a live microbial feed supplement and improves the gastrointestinal microbial population.

.Are beneficial after gastroenteritis

Gastritis causes?

Gastritis causes? .Vomiting

Enteritis causes?

Enteritis causes? .Diarrhoea and sepsis

Colitis causes?

Colitis causes? .Watery diarrhoea with blood and mucus

Fibre?

Fibre? .Increases the rate of passage of stools through the large intestines. .High fibre diet - for constipation in animals feed high fibre food to move passage of faeces. .Low fibre diet - for vomiting and diarrhoea feed low fibre diet to slow down passage of food.

Malnutrition?

Malnutrition? .Can result in thinning of fur and loss of skin and coat condition

Diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus? .The body cannot properly produce or respond to the hormone insulin. .You need sugar in the form of glucose for energy. Glucose in the blood needs insulin produced by the pancreas to release the glucose from the blood to the cells, so they can absorb the glucose and get energy.

Dental disease?

Dental disease? .Begins with the accumulation of an invisible substance, called pellicle on the surface of the tooth and is formed from proteins found within saliva. .Halitosis - oral malodour .Gingivitis - toxins from the bacteria in plaque, aided by the irritation caused by the tartar results in gingivitis. (Sore, red, inflamed gums that bleed) if not treated periodontitis can develop. .Periodontitis - causes the supporting structure of the tooth (the periodontal ligament) to become damaged and destroyed leading to loosening and finally tooth loss.

Feed dogs with cancer?

Feed dogs with cancer? .High fat & protein diet to keep weight on as the tumour will be using fat and proteins.

Renal failure?

Renal failure? .The kidney is unable to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under normal fluid loading or to retain electrolytes when the intake is normal.

Tube feeding?

Tube feeding? .Maximum stomach capacity on dogs is 90ml/kg/feed and cat us 45ml/kg/feed for adults.