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Cardiology: Key Information > Pharmacology: cardiac rate, force and BP > Flashcards

Pharmacology: cardiac rate, force and BP Flashcards

1
Q

sympathetic NS innervation in the heart

A

NA and adrenaline activate B1-adrenoceptors (Gs)

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2
Q

parasympathetic NS innervation in the heart

A

ACh activates M2 muscarinic receptors (Gi)

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3
Q

examples of beta agonists

A

dobutamine
adrenaline
NA

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4
Q

effect of beta agonists

A

increase rate and force of cardiac output

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5
Q

what is adrenaline (alpha/beta agonist) used in?

A

cardiac arrest

anaphylactic shock

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6
Q

what is dobutamine used in?

A

heart failure (less tachycardia than other agonists)

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7
Q

examples of beta antagonists

A

propranolol
atenolol
bisoprolol

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8
Q

effect of beta antagonists

A

during exercise rate and force is significantly reduced

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9
Q

when are beta antagonists used?

A 
excessive sympathetic during emotion
AF and SVT
angina
heart failure (start low, go slow)
hypertension (?)
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10
Q

adverse of beta antagonists

A 
bronchospasm
bradycardia
hypoglycaemia
fatigue 
cold extremities
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11
Q

example of a non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists

A

atropine

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12
Q

mechanism of action of non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists

A

increase HR (more pronounced in athletes)

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13
Q

when are non-selective muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists used?

A

bradycardia

anti cholinesterase poisioning

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14
Q

example of a cardiac glycoside

A

digoxin

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15
Q

mechanism of action of digoxin

A

blocks Na+/K+ ATPase (causes membrane to depolarise slightly)

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16
Q

when is digoxin used?

A

heart failure

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17
Q

adverse of digoxin

A

yellow vision

18
Q

calcium sensitizers

A

levosimendan
increases Ca2+
decompensated heart failure

19
Q

inodilators

A

amrinone and milrinone
increases contractiltiy
acute heart failure

20
Q

two classes of drugs used in relax vascular smooth muscle

A

organic nitrates

CCBs

21
Q

two example of organic nitrates

A

GTN

ISMN

22
Q

mechanism of action of organic nitrates

A

dilation of collaterals increasing coronary blood flow (improved perfusion of the ischeamic zone)

23
Q

when are organic nitrates used?

A

angina

pulmonary oedema

24
Q

adverse of organic nitrates

A 
headaches
reflex tachycardia (beta blocker)
formation of methaemoglobin
hypotension
tolerance
25
Q

examples of CCBs

A

verapamil
amlodipine
diltiazem

26
Q

mechanism of action of CCBs

A

reduce rate, force and SVR

27
Q

when are CCB’s used?

A

hypertension
angina
SVT, AF

28
Q

adverse of CCB’s

A

flushing
ankle oedema
hypotension

29
Q

what drug to avoid in heart failure?

A

verapamil

30
Q

two classes of drug that block the RAAS

A
  1. ACEI

2. ARB

31
Q

mechanism of action of aliskiren

A

renin inhibitor, decreasing BP

32
Q

example of an ACEI

A

lisinopril

33
Q

mechanism of action of ACEI

A

blocks angiotensin I to angiotensin II blocking aldosterone production and inactivates bradykinin

34
Q

when are ACEI used?

A

hypertension
heart failure
MI

35
Q

adverse of ACEI

A

dry cough
hypotension
hyperkalaemia
angioedema

36
Q

example of an ARB

A

losartan

37
Q

mechanism of action of ARBs

A

block angiotensin II on AT1 receptors, but doesn’t inhibit bradykinin

38
Q

when is ARBs used?

A

hypertension
heart failure
MI

39
Q

what are both ACEI and ARB contradicted in?

A

bilateral renal artery stenosis

pregnancy

40
Q

potassium channel opens

A

minoxidil and nicorandil
hyperpolarisation
used as last resort in hypertension and angina
adverse: reflex tachycardia and salt and water retention

41
Q

alpha1-adrenoceptors

A

prazosin and doxazosin
vasodilation
prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension
adverse: postural hypertension

Cardiology: Key Information (42 decks)

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