Pharmacology Flashcards
what is the difference b/w pharmokinetics and pharmodynamics?
pharmokinetics: methods in how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, eliminated and excreted
pharmodynamics: how the drug actually affects your body
list ways of administering drugs either internally/externally
internal: anything to add within the body - injections ex
external: generally topical
what’s the purpose of a drug vehicle?
an inactive substance aid to transport drugs (can either be a solid (capsule/tablet) or liquid (syrup/elixir)
what does the rate of absorption depend on?
the amount of dosage
def’n of bioavailability
how a drug is absorbed and available to produce a response - dependent on characteristic of drug and NOT dosage form
in terms of distribution of the drug in the body, define the following terms:
volume of distribution
efficacy
potency
VOD: vol. of plasma where the drug dissolves
efficacy: the ability for a drug to produce a therapeutic effect
potency: dose required to produce a desired therapeutic effect
what happens in the biotransformation of a drug?
the drug gets converted to water-soluble compounds - then metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
what does a drug half-life mean and what is it’s significance?
how much time can a drug be metabolized and excreted by 1/2
- if a patient needs a certain dose to have a therapeutic effect and the 1/2 life is short (less than a day)- it may be not enough to produce a therapeutic effect to last a full day, they must top up
what is the absorption rate on a drug when you’re exercising??
oral administration: decreased rate of absportion
intravenous/ subcutaneous administration: increased rate of absorption due to increase in blood flow at the extremities
what is the difference between administering and dispensing a drug?
administration: just one dose (may be limited due to the fact that we can’t directly administer drugs unless in an emergency situation or under the supervision of a physician varies)
dispensing: giving out multiple doses (we cannot do this)
What are the 6 R’s for administering a drug?
RIGHT PERSON RIGHT MEDICATION RIGHT DOSE RIGHT TIME RIGHT METHOD OF ADMIN RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
In usage of pharmaceuticals - what must not be assumed when an athlete takes their medication and another athlete has the same medication ?
everyone is going to respond to drugs differently
no athlete should be getting their teammates medication for their own use - can have a different effect on them
an athlete takes their teammates inhaler and uses it in hopes to combat their inability to breath - a few minutes later they seem to be getting worse and their breathing has become more laboured? what drug affect might have taken place?
paradoxical treatment - where the outcome is the exact opposite of what you wanted
you are aware that an athlete travelling with you for the out-of-town tournament has certain prescription drugs they need to take throughout the trip - what are ways to make sure they have enough?
pack more
do not leave in the luggage or storage
carry extra written prescriptions
drugs to combat infections.
alcohol - 70% ethyl-isopropyl
phenol - lysol
halogens - betadine - used for abrasion and floor burns
oxidizing agents - hydrogen peroxide (50/50 with water - can be used to tx inflammatory conditions of mouth and throat)
what are the 3 types of fungus that antifungals can usually combat
name 2 drugs that can combat these
epidermophyton
trichophyton
candida
drugs:
lamisill
ketaconazone *risk of hepatotoxicity
if you see on a medical label that this certain antibiotic says it’s bacteriostatic, what does that mean?
it inhibits the proliferation of bacterial growth
if you see on a medical label that this certain antibiotic says it’s bacteriocidal, what does that mean?
it kills the bacteria
what antibiotic drug can be taken in replacement of penicillin?
a macroglide antibiotic such as erythromisin
what other antibiotics are used for bacterial infections?
bactracin (broad spectrum)
tetracyclines (creates sensitivity to light exposure)
sulfonamides (common for UTI’s, skin infections)
quinolones (broad spectrum)
def’n of exercise induced bronchospasm
hyperventilation of cooler and dryer air in the respiratory tract
peaks ~ 5-10 min
resolves within 20-30 min
in the event that an athlete needs to take their asthma medications 1/2 / day especially before an event, what kind of asthma drug is this?
long-acting (inhaled corticosteroids) - used as a bronchodilator
for quick relief of an asthmatic attack what would be the recommended asthma drug to be utilized?
short-acting - albuterol (inhaler)
difference between metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers?
MDI - a set dose every time a person squeezes the top to inhale - may use a nebulizer for those who can’t inhale
DPI - the person needs to inhale more rapidly
what are the precautions to take when one has been using morphine?
decreases respiratory f(X)
habit forming
f(x) of acetaminophen aka what?
tylenol - analgesic and antipyretic (reduces fever)
- can suppress most pain but not severe pain
NOT AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and too much can cause liver damage
f(x) of acetylsalicylic acid aka what? concerns about kids younger than 18 taking this drug?
any other adverse affects on body parts?
aspirin - analgesic, antipyretic AND an anti-inflammatory
high doses can cause tinnitus (ringing of ears)
18 yrs and younger: Reye’s syndrome - swelling of brain and liver after they’ve recovered from a bacterial infection
difficulty with the GI Tract if there is high doses
for a patient with RA / OA what is their recommended dose for using this common drug?
NSAIDs - lowest possible dosage to get a therapeutic effect
what are the indications for referring someone to potentially have corticosteroid injections?
what to watch out for?
for chronic inflammation of MSK/ joint regions + conservative treatment hasn’t helped
overuse of shot can lead to degeneration
indications for usage of antacids?
too much acidic build up in gastric area (sodium bicarbonate - common)
increases PH
doesn’t allow pepsin to eat away the mucus lining
important to consider when an athlete is taking antidiarrheals?
it may ease the passing of stool but it doesn’t solve the cause of the diarrhea
what’s important to consider when an athlete has to take an anti-histamine when practicing in hot, humid weather?
they are more prone to heat-related illness - antihistamines decrease the mx of sweating
what’s the difference b/w these cough medicines - antiussives & expectorants?
antitussives are cough suppressants
expectorants - promote the excretion of sputum by the air passages - tx for cough)
what type of drugs are used to control bleeding?
anticoagulators - blood thinners to prolong clotting
vasoconstricters - administered externally at hemorrhage site - acts to constrict blood vessels (used for epitaxis when previous methods haven’t worked) - physician
hemostatic agents - used by physicians only
how much caffeine in your system is considered a stimulant?
12 micrograms/ mL of urine
how do diuretics works?
increase kidney excretion by decreasing reabsorption of sodium @ kidneys
you’ve noticed an athlete since last summer has grown a sufficient amount (width wise) - they claim they have been using just ordinary “supplements” - what do you think they could be taking?
HGH (human growth hormone)
increased levels leads to acromegaly (unusual thickening of bone)
explain the process of blood doping
remove 900mL of blood
store it - and re-infuse after 6 weeks (typical time for the body to create more RBC)
what must an athlete apply to in order to take medications that are considered “banned”
therapeutic use exemption
