Pharmacology

Question 1

what is the difference b/w pharmokinetics and pharmodynamics?

Answer 1

pharmokinetics: methods in how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, eliminated and excreted
pharmodynamics: how the drug actually affects your body

Question 2

list ways of administering drugs either internally/externally

Answer 2

internal: anything to add within the body - injections ex
external: generally topical

Question 3

what’s the purpose of a drug vehicle?

Answer 3

an inactive substance aid to transport drugs (can either be a solid (capsule/tablet) or liquid (syrup/elixir)

Question 4

what does the rate of absorption depend on?

Answer 4

the amount of dosage

Question 5

def’n of bioavailability

Answer 5

how a drug is absorbed and available to produce a response - dependent on characteristic of drug and NOT dosage form

Question 6

in terms of distribution of the drug in the body, define the following terms:

volume of distribution
efficacy
potency

Answer 6

VOD: vol. of plasma where the drug dissolves

efficacy: the ability for a drug to produce a therapeutic effect
potency: dose required to produce a desired therapeutic effect

Question 7

what happens in the biotransformation of a drug?

Answer 7

the drug gets converted to water-soluble compounds - then metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

Question 8

what does a drug half-life mean and what is it’s significance?

Answer 8

how much time can a drug be metabolized and excreted by 1/2

• if a patient needs a certain dose to have a therapeutic effect and the 1/2 life is short (less than a day)- it may be not enough to produce a therapeutic effect to last a full day, they must top up

Question 9

what is the absorption rate on a drug when you’re exercising??

Answer 9

oral administration: decreased rate of absportion

intravenous/ subcutaneous administration: increased rate of absorption due to increase in blood flow at the extremities

Question 10

what is the difference between administering and dispensing a drug?

Answer 10

administration: just one dose (may be limited due to the fact that we can’t directly administer drugs unless in an emergency situation or under the supervision of a physician varies)
dispensing: giving out multiple doses (we cannot do this)

Question 11

What are the 6 R’s for administering a drug?

Answer 11

RIGHT PERSON 
RIGHT MEDICATION
RIGHT DOSE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT METHOD OF ADMIN 
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION

Question 12

In usage of pharmaceuticals - what must not be assumed when an athlete takes their medication and another athlete has the same medication ?

Answer 12

everyone is going to respond to drugs differently

no athlete should be getting their teammates medication for their own use - can have a different effect on them

Question 13

an athlete takes their teammates inhaler and uses it in hopes to combat their inability to breath - a few minutes later they seem to be getting worse and their breathing has become more laboured? what drug affect might have taken place?

Answer 13

paradoxical treatment - where the outcome is the exact opposite of what you wanted

Question 14

you are aware that an athlete travelling with you for the out-of-town tournament has certain prescription drugs they need to take throughout the trip - what are ways to make sure they have enough?

Answer 14

pack more
do not leave in the luggage or storage
carry extra written prescriptions

Question 15

drugs to combat infections.

Answer 15

alcohol - 70% ethyl-isopropyl

phenol - lysol

halogens - betadine - used for abrasion and floor burns

oxidizing agents - hydrogen peroxide (50/50 with water - can be used to tx inflammatory conditions of mouth and throat)

Question 16

what are the 3 types of fungus that antifungals can usually combat

name 2 drugs that can combat these

Answer 16

epidermophyton
trichophyton
candida

drugs:
lamisill
ketaconazone *risk of hepatotoxicity

Question 17

if you see on a medical label that this certain antibiotic says it’s bacteriostatic, what does that mean?

Answer 17

it inhibits the proliferation of bacterial growth

Question 18

if you see on a medical label that this certain antibiotic says it’s bacteriocidal, what does that mean?

Answer 18

it kills the bacteria

Question 19

what antibiotic drug can be taken in replacement of penicillin?

Answer 19

a macroglide antibiotic such as erythromisin

Question 20

what other antibiotics are used for bacterial infections?

Answer 20

bactracin (broad spectrum)
tetracyclines (creates sensitivity to light exposure)
sulfonamides (common for UTI’s, skin infections)
quinolones (broad spectrum)

Question 21

def’n of exercise induced bronchospasm

Answer 21

hyperventilation of cooler and dryer air in the respiratory tract

peaks ~ 5-10 min
resolves within 20-30 min

Question 22

in the event that an athlete needs to take their asthma medications 1/2 / day especially before an event, what kind of asthma drug is this?

Answer 22

long-acting (inhaled corticosteroids) - used as a bronchodilator

Question 23

for quick relief of an asthmatic attack what would be the recommended asthma drug to be utilized?

Answer 23

short-acting - albuterol (inhaler)

Question 24

difference between metered dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers?

Answer 24

MDI - a set dose every time a person squeezes the top to inhale - may use a nebulizer for those who can’t inhale

DPI - the person needs to inhale more rapidly

Question 25

what are the precautions to take when one has been using morphine?

Answer 25

decreases respiratory f(X)

habit forming

Question 26

f(x) of acetaminophen aka what?

Answer 26

tylenol - analgesic and antipyretic (reduces fever)
- can suppress most pain but not severe pain

NOT AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY and too much can cause liver damage

Question 27

f(x) of acetylsalicylic acid aka what? concerns about kids younger than 18 taking this drug?

any other adverse affects on body parts?

Answer 27

aspirin - analgesic, antipyretic AND an anti-inflammatory

high doses can cause tinnitus (ringing of ears)

18 yrs and younger: Reye’s syndrome - swelling of brain and liver after they’ve recovered from a bacterial infection

difficulty with the GI Tract if there is high doses

Question 28

for a patient with RA / OA what is their recommended dose for using this common drug?

Answer 28

NSAIDs - lowest possible dosage to get a therapeutic effect

Question 29

what are the indications for referring someone to potentially have corticosteroid injections?

what to watch out for?

Answer 29

for chronic inflammation of MSK/ joint regions + conservative treatment hasn’t helped

overuse of shot can lead to degeneration

Question 30

indications for usage of antacids?

Answer 30

too much acidic build up in gastric area (sodium bicarbonate - common)

increases PH
doesn’t allow pepsin to eat away the mucus lining

Question 31

important to consider when an athlete is taking antidiarrheals?

Answer 31

it may ease the passing of stool but it doesn’t solve the cause of the diarrhea

Question 32

what’s important to consider when an athlete has to take an anti-histamine when practicing in hot, humid weather?

Answer 32

they are more prone to heat-related illness - antihistamines decrease the mx of sweating

Question 33

what’s the difference b/w these cough medicines - antiussives & expectorants?

Answer 33

antitussives are cough suppressants

expectorants - promote the excretion of sputum by the air passages - tx for cough)

Question 34

what type of drugs are used to control bleeding?

Answer 34

anticoagulators - blood thinners to prolong clotting

vasoconstricters - administered externally at hemorrhage site - acts to constrict blood vessels (used for epitaxis when previous methods haven’t worked) - physician

hemostatic agents - used by physicians only

Question 35

how much caffeine in your system is considered a stimulant?

Answer 35

12 micrograms/ mL of urine

Question 36

how do diuretics works?

Answer 36

increase kidney excretion by decreasing reabsorption of sodium @ kidneys

Question 37

you’ve noticed an athlete since last summer has grown a sufficient amount (width wise) - they claim they have been using just ordinary “supplements” - what do you think they could be taking?

Answer 37

HGH (human growth hormone)

increased levels leads to acromegaly (unusual thickening of bone)

Question 38

explain the process of blood doping

Answer 38

remove 900mL of blood

store it - and re-infuse after 6 weeks (typical time for the body to create more RBC)

Question 39

what must an athlete apply to in order to take medications that are considered “banned”

Answer 39

therapeutic use exemption